Southern Hognose Snake
Species Description

The Southern Hognose Snake (Heterodon simus) represents the smallest and least common of the three North American hognose snake species. As a member of the genus Heterodon within the Colubridae family, these snakes are characterized by their distinctive upturned rostral scale (snout) used for burrowing in sandy soils. The genus name Heterodon derives from Greek words meaning "different tooth," referencing the enlarged rear teeth used for deflating toads. The species name simus comes from Latin meaning "snub-nosed" or "flat-nosed," aptly describing the species' distinctive facial profile.

Unlike the Eastern and Western Hognose Snakes which are relatively common and popular in the reptile trade, Southern Hognose Snakes are considerably rarer both in the wild and in captivity. They face declining populations throughout much of their range due to habitat loss, road mortality, and collection pressure. Many states have designated them as threatened, species of special concern, or otherwise protected, making collection illegal and possession restricted or prohibited. Prospective keepers MUST verify local and state regulations before attempting to acquire this species, as legal consequences for illegal possession can include substantial fines.

Common names for this species include simply "Southern Hognose" or "Southern Hog-nosed Snake" (with hyphenation variations). Within its range, it may be called "Hog-nose Snake" by locals unfamiliar with the multiple species. The name "hognose" refers to the upturned snout resembling a pig's snout, a distinctive feature shared by all Heterodon species. Regional names are less common for this species compared to the more widespread Eastern Hognose, likely reflecting the Southern Hognose's more secretive nature and limited range.

The Southern Hognose Snake is the smallest of the three North American hognose species, with adults typically reaching lengths of only 14-24 inches. Exceptional specimens may approach 30 inches, but most remain well under 2 feet in length. This diminutive size, combined with their relatively stout build, gives them a compact appearance. Females are generally larger than males, though the size difference is less pronounced than in many snake species.

The most distinctive feature is the sharply upturned rostral scale forming a pointed, shovel-like snout. This modified scale is more pronounced and pointed than in Eastern or Western Hognose Snakes, giving the Southern Hognose a distinctly pig-like profile when viewed from the side. This specialized snout serves as a digging tool, allowing the snake to burrow efficiently through sandy soils in search of prey and shelter. The modification is so distinctive that identification is often possible based on head shape alone.

Coloration and pattern are highly variable but generally more subdued than in Eastern Hognose Snakes. The ground color ranges from tan, gray, brown, to reddish-brown. The dorsal pattern consists of a series of dark blotches along the back, typically 20-30+ in number, which may be rectangular, oval, or irregularly shaped. These blotches are often edged with darker pigment creating a more distinct appearance. Additional smaller blotches or spots occur on the sides, creating a somewhat busy overall pattern. Some individuals display relatively clean, well-defined patterns while others show more muted, obscure markings.

The ventral surface is typically lighter than the dorsum, ranging from cream to yellowish or gray, often with irregular dark mottling or spots. The underside of the tail may show more distinct patterning than the body. The head features the characteristic upturned snout and relatively small eyes with round pupils. The neck is only slightly distinct from the head, though the snake can flatten this area considerably during defensive displays, creating a cobra-like hood appearance.

The scales are keeled, giving the snake a somewhat rough texture rather than the smooth, glossy appearance of smooth-scaled species. This keeled texture is typical of hognose snakes and many other terrestrial and semi-fossorial species. Juvenile Southern Hognose Snakes display similar patterns to adults but often with slightly more contrasting coloration that may become more subdued with age. Sexual dimorphism is limited to size differences, with both sexes displaying similar coloration and patterns.

Southern Hognose Snakes are renowned among herpetologists and keepers for their extraordinarily docile temperaments and theatrical defensive displays. These snakes virtually never bite defensively, instead relying on an elaborate series of bluffs designed to intimidate potential predators without actual aggression. This gentle nature, combined with their specialized care requirements, makes them appealing to experienced keepers who can meet their needs and obtain them legally.

The defensive display repertoire of Southern Hognose Snakes is both fascinating and entertaining to observe. When initially threatened, the snake flattens its head and neck into a cobra-like hood while inflating its body to appear larger. It may hiss loudly—sometimes producing impressive volume for such a small snake—and make mock strikes with a closed mouth. These strikes are purely theatrical; the snake rarely opens its mouth during these displays and almost never makes contact. If this bluffing fails to deter the perceived threat, the snake transitions to the second phase of defense.

The death-feigning display (thanatosis) represents one of the most remarkable defensive behaviors in North American snakes. The Southern Hognose Snake writhes dramatically as if in agony, often opening its mouth with the tongue lolling out, voiding feces and musk, and eventually rolling onto its back with mouth agape in apparent death. The snake may remain motionless in this position for extended periods, only "reviving" once it perceives the threat has passed. Interestingly, if turned right-side-up during this display, the snake often immediately flips back onto its back, apparently believing that dead snakes must be belly-up. This behavior, while seemingly comical, effectively deters many predators that prefer live prey.

Once acclimated to captivity and regular gentle handling, most Southern Hognose Snakes abandon these theatrical displays and become quite calm. They may still puff up slightly or hiss when first picked up, but typically settle quickly. Their reluctance to bite, even when defensive, makes them among the safest snakes to handle. However, their small size and delicate build require gentle handling to prevent injury.

Activity patterns are primarily diurnal and crepuscular, with snakes emerging during daylight hours to bask and forage. However, much of their life is spent underground, making them relatively inactive and secretive compared to species that spend more time on the surface. In captivity, they may be visible during thermoregulation periods but often remain buried in substrate for extended periods. This fossorial lifestyle means they're less suitable for keepers seeking highly visible, active display animals.

Feeding behavior centers on their specialized toad diet. Southern Hognose Snakes are toad specialists, using their enlarged rear teeth to deflate toads that inflate themselves as a defense. They inject mild venom that helps subdue struggling prey and may provide some protection against toad toxins. In the wild, they actively search for toads by burrowing through substrate following scent trails. When a toad is located, the snake seizes it and uses its specialized teeth to puncture the toad and prevent inflation. This dietary specialization, while ecologically interesting, creates significant challenges for captive feeding.

IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICE: Before acquiring a Southern Hognose Snake, verify local and state regulations. Many states prohibit collection from the wild, and some restrict or prohibit possession entirely due to declining populations and conservation concerns. Always purchase captive-bred specimens from legal, reputable sources and never collect from wild populations. Failure to comply with wildlife regulations can result in substantial fines and legal consequences.

Establishing an appropriate enclosure for a Southern Hognose Snake requires understanding their fossorial nature and relatively simple space requirements. Adult specimens thrive in 20-gallon enclosures or custom habitats measuring approximately 2 feet long by 1.5 feet wide by 1 foot tall. Their small size and relatively sedentary nature mean they don't require extensive floor space, though providing adequate area for a temperature gradient remains important. Juvenile snakes can begin in smaller enclosures (10-15 gallons) with upgrades as they grow.

Enclosure security requires attention despite their docile nature. These snakes are capable escape artists that can exploit gaps in screen tops or loose-fitting lids. Ensure all enclosures have secure locking mechanisms or weighted lids. While they're less notorious escape artists than some species, their small size allows them to fit through surprisingly small openings. All ventilation holes and cord passages should be smaller than the snake's head.

Substrate selection is critical for Southern Hognose Snakes due to their fossorial lifestyle. Deep substrate (4-6 inches minimum) allows natural burrowing behavior essential for their wellbeing. Aspen shavings work excellently, providing good burrowing properties while being relatively dry. Play sand or sand-soil mixtures also work well, closely mimicking natural substrate. Some keepers successfully use cypress mulch. Avoid substrates that are too moist or compact too firmly, as these don't allow proper burrowing. The substrate depth should be sufficient that the snake can completely bury itself with several inches of material above it.

Temperature management involves providing a thermal gradient with ambient temperatures of 75-85°F and a basking spot reaching 88-92°F. Under-tank heaters work excellently for hognose snakes, warming one end of the enclosure and allowing the snake to thermoregulate both by moving between warm and cool areas and by adjusting their depth in the substrate. Overhead heating can be used but ensure it doesn't dry out the enclosure excessively. Always use reliable thermostats with any heating element to prevent dangerous temperature spikes. Monitor temperatures with multiple thermometers at different locations and depths.

Humidity requirements are moderate at 40-60%, reflecting their origin in southeastern habitats with moderate moisture. This is easily maintained with appropriate substrate and a water bowl. Avoid excessive humidity, which can promote respiratory issues and bacterial growth. During shedding cycles, slightly elevated humidity (50-60%) helps ensure complete sheds. A humid hide can be provided during these periods, though many snakes accomplish successful sheds through their normal burrowing behavior.

Water provision should include a small, shallow water bowl that's easily accessible but not so large that substrate becomes excessively moistened. Southern Hognose Snakes occasionally soak, particularly before shedding, but they're not as water-dependent as semi-aquatic species. Change water every 2-3 days or when soiled.

Furnishing the enclosure should prioritize functionality over decoration due to their fossorial nature. Provide at least two hide boxes (one on the warm end, one on the cool end) though the snake will likely create its own hides through burrowing. A flat rock or piece of cork bark on the warm end can serve as a basking surface. Minimize decorations that might prevent burrowing access to substrate. Live or artificial plants can be added but shouldn't cover the entire substrate surface.

One unique consideration for Southern Hognose Snakes is the potential startle response to enclosure maintenance. When buried, these snakes may not be visible during routine maintenance. Take care when adding water, removing waste, or adjusting decorations to avoid accidentally disturbing or injuring a buried snake. Many keepers gently probe substrate with a snake hook before major disturbances to locate the snake.

Southern Hognose Snakes present one of the most significant feeding challenges among commonly kept snake species due to their strong dietary specialization on toads and other amphibians. In the wild, their diet consists primarily of toads (particularly southern toads, oak toads, and spadefoot toads), with occasional consumption of frogs, salamanders, and rarely other prey. This specialization reflects their evolutionary adaptations including the enlarged rear teeth specifically designed for deflating toads and mild venom that helps subdue struggling amphibian prey.

The dietary specialization creates substantial challenges for captive keepers. Most Southern Hognose Snakes refuse mice, rats, and other typical feeder rodents entirely, showing no interest even when food is placed directly in front of them. This differs dramatically from species like corn snakes or ball pythons that readily accept rodents. For many keepers, the necessity of providing live toads or extensively scented alternatives represents an insurmountable obstacle.

For those committed to keeping this species, several feeding strategies exist. The most reliable method involves offering appropriately-sized live toads. Toad species appropriate for feeding include American toads, southern toads, and Fowler's toads, depending on availability. Toad size should be appropriate to snake size—hatchling Southern Hognose Snakes begin with small toadlets while adults can handle adult toads up to substantial sizes. Toads can be wild-caught from pesticide-free areas (where legal) or purchased from biological supply companies. Some keepers establish outdoor toad habitats to maintain sustainable toad populations for feeding.

Scenting represents an alternative approach with variable success rates. Frozen-thawed mice can be rubbed extensively with live toads or toad skin, transferring chemical cues that may trigger feeding responses. Some keepers freeze toads and use them to scent mice repeatedly. The success rate varies dramatically between individual snakes—some accept scented rodents readily after 2-3 attempts, while others never accept rodents regardless of scenting intensity. Starting with pinky mice heavily scented with toad offers the highest success rate.

Some captive breeding programs have produced lines of Southern Hognose Snakes that more readily accept rodent prey, having been fed scented or unscented rodents from hatching. These captive-bred, rodent-feeding lines are highly desirable for keepers unwilling or unable to provide toad prey. However, even within these lines, some individuals may revert to refusing rodents, particularly after refusing several meals in succession. When acquiring Southern Hognose Snakes, specifically inquire about feeding history and whether the individual reliably accepts rodents or requires toads.

Feeding frequency for toad-eating specimens is typically every 5-7 days for juveniles and every 7-10 days for adults. Toads are highly nutritious prey providing complete nutrition including appropriate calcium content. For snakes accepting scented or unscented rodents, follow standard feeding guidelines with prey sized appropriately to the snake's width. Southern Hognose Snakes are not aggressive feeders and rarely strike at prey with the enthusiasm seen in many species; they may approach prey slowly and deliberately.

CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Never force-feed healthy Southern Hognose Snakes refusing food unless body condition seriously deteriorates. These snakes can go weeks or even months without eating, particularly during winter months or breeding season, without health consequences if body condition is good. Forced feeding causes extreme stress and rarely resolves underlying feeding refusal. Instead, try different scenting techniques, adjust temperatures, reduce stress, or consult with experienced keepers or veterinarians.

The post-feeding handling restriction of 48 hours applies to Southern Hognose Snakes as with all snakes. Given their docile nature and tendency to play dead rather than defend, there's little temptation to handle after feeding, but the restriction should still be observed to prevent regurgitation.

Prospective keepers must honestly assess their willingness and ability to provide appropriate food before acquiring Southern Hognose Snakes. Those unwilling to source and provide live toads should only acquire specimens with proven, reliable rodent feeding records. The feeding challenges, while surmountable for dedicated keepers, represent the primary obstacle to successful long-term maintenance of this species.

Southern Hognose Snakes can be hardy captives when their specialized needs are met, though their dietary requirements and relatively delicate nature create potential health challenges. Captive-bred specimens from reputable breeders typically arrive healthy and acclimated to captive conditions, while wild-caught individuals (where legal) often carry parasites and face acclimation challenges. Preventive care through proper husbandry, appropriate diet, and minimal stress provides the foundation for maintaining health in these small, specialized snakes.

Maintaining detailed records of feeding (including prey types, acceptance rates, and any refusals), weight measurements, shed cycles, and behavioral observations helps track health trends over time and assists veterinary professionals if issues develop. The combination of proper environmental conditions, appropriate diet (whether toads or successfully transitioned to rodents), minimal stress, and regular monitoring prevents most health issues in Southern Hognose Snakes. With proper care and attention to their specialized needs, these gentle snakes can thrive in captivity for their full 8-12 year lifespan.

Handling Southern Hognose Snakes is generally straightforward and pleasant due to their exceptionally docile nature and theatrical rather than truly defensive behavior. New arrivals should be allowed at least one full week to acclimate to their new environment without handling beyond essential maintenance. This acclimation period is particularly important for wild-caught specimens (where legal) or snakes transitioning from breeder to new keeper. During acclimation, snakes may remain buried for extended periods—this is normal behavior and not cause for concern unless body condition deteriorates.

When beginning handling sessions, be prepared for potential defensive displays including hissing, hood-flattening, and mock strikes. These behaviors are purely bluff—Southern Hognose Snakes almost never bite. Some individuals may immediately play dead when picked up, rolling onto their backs with mouth agape. If this occurs, gently place the snake right-side-up and allow it to "revive" on its own. Many snakes abandon these theatrical displays after several calm handling sessions once they learn handlers aren't threats.

Approach slowly and gently, being mindful that these are small, delicate snakes requiring careful handling. Scoop the snake gently from below, supporting its body weight across your hands. Avoid sudden movements or restraining tightly. Their small size means they lack the mass and musculature of larger species, making them more vulnerable to injury from rough handling. Never grab or restrain the head unless absolutely necessary for medical procedures.

Handling frequency should be moderate—2-3 times per week for 10-15 minutes works well for most specimens. These snakes don't require extensive handling to remain calm, and excessive handling may cause unnecessary stress. Some individuals become quite comfortable with handling and can be held for longer periods, while others prefer minimal interaction. Watch for signs of stress including persistent attempts to escape, repeated defensive displays across multiple sessions, or refusal to feed following handling.

The 48-hour post-feeding handling restriction applies to Southern Hognose Snakes as with all snake species. This waiting period allows adequate digestion and prevents regurgitation, which can cause serious health complications. Given their often-challenging feeding, avoiding any actions that might cause food refusal is particularly important. Avoid handling during the shedding process once eyes turn opaque, resuming after the shed completes.

One unique consideration with Southern Hognose Snakes is their tendency to remain buried for extended periods. When you need to handle the snake but can't locate it visually, gently probe through substrate with a snake hook rather than digging randomly with hands. Once located, allow the snake to emerge naturally or carefully dig around it to expose it. Avoid suddenly grabbing buried snakes, which may startle them and trigger defensive displays.

Wash hands thoroughly before and after all handling sessions. Pre-handling washing removes food scents that might trigger feeding responses (though Southern Hognose Snakes rarely confuse hands for toads). Post-handling washing prevents potential Salmonella exposure. Given their docile nature and reluctance to bite, handling Southern Hognose Snakes is among the safest experiences in reptile keeping, suitable even for nervous beginners who can meet their care requirements.

Southern Hognose Snakes occupy a unique position in the pet snake world—they offer exceptionally docile temperaments, manageable size, and fascinating behaviors, yet their declining wild populations, legal restrictions, and challenging dietary requirements make them suitable only for dedicated, experienced keepers willing to meet their specialized needs. These are not beginner snakes despite their gentle nature, primarily due to feeding challenges and conservation considerations.

The most critical consideration is legality. Southern Hognose Snakes are protected as threatened, species of special concern, or otherwise restricted in many states within their range. Collection from wild populations is illegal in most jurisdictions, and possession may require permits or be prohibited entirely. Before acquiring this species, thoroughly research federal, state, and local regulations. Always purchase captive-bred specimens from reputable breeders who can provide documentation of legal origin. Never collect from wild populations, which face genuine conservation threats. Failure to comply with wildlife regulations can result in substantial fines, confiscation of animals, and criminal charges.

The dietary requirements represent the second major consideration. Prospective keepers must honestly assess their willingness and ability to provide live toads or invest significant effort in transitioning snakes to rodents. Those unwilling to source and handle live toads should only acquire specimens with proven, reliable rodent-feeding records spanning multiple months. Even then, some individuals may revert to refusing rodents. Access to toads may be seasonal and location-dependent, requiring advance planning. For many keepers, these dietary challenges make Southern Hognose Snakes impractical despite their appealing qualities.

Space requirements are minimal due to their small size and sedentary nature, making them suitable for apartment living or limited space. Financial considerations include initial setup ($150-300 for appropriate enclosure and equipment), ongoing monthly costs ($10-20 for electricity and substrate), and prey costs which vary dramatically depending on whether feeding toads or rodents. Veterinary care (annual examinations $75-150, potential emergency care $200-1000+) should be budgeted. The small size means heating costs are minimal compared to species requiring larger enclosures.

The commitment spans 8-12 years, a moderate lifespan requiring long-term dedication. While shorter than species living 20-30+ years, it still represents a significant commitment through various life changes. The feeding challenges mean this species is less suitable for situations where reliable care might be interrupted (college students, frequent travelers) unless backup caregivers understand the specialized diet.

Families with children can successfully keep Southern Hognose Snakes given their gentle nature, though supervision remains important. Their theatrical defensive displays are educational and entertaining without being dangerous. However, their tendency to remain buried means they're less suitable for children seeking highly interactive, visible pets. They're better appreciated by patient observers willing to watch for emergence periods. The feeding challenges also mean adults must manage dietary needs.

For those interested in hognose snakes but concerned about Southern Hognose challenges, Western Hognose Snakes represent an excellent alternative. Western Hognose Snakes are more readily available, not threatened, often accept rodents more easily (including commercially available frozen-thawed prey), and have been bred extensively in captivity with numerous color morphs available. They display similar theatrical defensive behaviors and docile handling while being much more practical for general hobbyist keeping.

Ethical considerations are paramount with this species. Always prioritize captive-bred specimens from reputable breeders over wild-caught individuals. Captive breeding reduces pressure on declining wild populations while providing healthier, better-acclimated snakes. Support conservation efforts through organizations working on southeastern habitat protection and restoration. Report sightings of wild Southern Hognose Snakes to state wildlife agencies to contribute to population monitoring. Never release captive snakes into the wild, which can introduce diseases, parasites, and genetic contamination while providing no conservation benefit.

Realistic expectations are essential for success. Southern Hognose Snakes are secretive, fossorial snakes that spend much of their time buried—they're not active, visible display animals. Feeding can be challenging and may require ongoing toad provision. However, for dedicated keepers who appreciate their gentle nature, fascinating defensive displays, and the opportunity to work with a species of conservation concern, they offer uniquely rewarding keeping experiences. The combination of proper research, legal compliance, commitment to meeting dietary needs, and realistic expectations ensures appropriate matching between keeper capabilities and this species' requirements.