Green Python
Species Description

The Green Tree Python (Morelia viridis) derives its common name from the brilliant emerald green coloration displayed by adult specimens combined with their strictly arboreal lifestyle. This descriptive name perfectly captures the species' most distinctive characteristics and has remained the universally recognized designation throughout the reptile keeping community. The vibrant green coloration, while iconic, actually represents only one color phase, as blue and yellow variants exist in specific localities, though green remains predominant across most of the species' range.

Some hobbyists and older literature reference these pythons simply as Green Pythons, though this abbreviated name has largely fallen from common usage in favor of the more complete "Green Tree Python" designation that emphasizes their arboreal specialization. The full name distinguishes them from other green-colored python species and clearly indicates their ecological niche. European hobbyists occasionally use the designation Chondro, derived from the former genus name Chondropython, though this taxonomic classification was revised decades ago.

The scientific name Morelia viridis reflects the species' taxonomic placement within the genus Morelia, shared with other Australasian pythons including Carpet Pythons and related species. "Viridis" is Latin for green, directly referencing the species' characteristic adult coloration. The taxonomic history involves considerable debate and revision, with these pythons previously classified in multiple genera including Chondropython before genetic analysis placed them firmly within Morelia. Interestingly, Green Tree Pythons demonstrate remarkable convergent evolution with South American Emerald Tree Boas (Corallus caninus), which occupy identical ecological niches on opposite sides of the planet despite no close evolutionary relationship. Both species display nearly identical body forms, coloration patterns, perching behavior, and heat-sensing pit arrangements, representing one of nature's most striking examples of parallel evolution producing virtually identical solutions to similar environmental challenges across unrelated lineages.

Green Tree Pythons are medium-sized snakes typically reaching 4-6 feet in length, with females averaging slightly larger than males. Exceptional specimens occasionally approach 7 feet, though this remains uncommon. Their build is relatively slender compared to terrestrial python species, with laterally-compressed bodies that appear triangular in cross-section rather than round. This body shape provides optimal weight distribution while coiled around branches, allowing them to maintain stable perching positions for extended periods without muscular fatigue.

The iconic bright emerald green coloration that defines the species features irregular white, yellow, or blue dorsal markings running along the spine from head to tail. These markings vary considerably between individuals and locality-specific populations, with some specimens displaying prominent white spotting while others show minimal dorsal patterns. The ventral scales are typically bright yellow or pale green, creating striking contrast visible when the snake moves or feeds. The overall effect resembles living jewelry, explaining why many keepers maintain these pythons primarily as display animals.

Remarkable color variations exist across the species' range, with blue specimens occurring in specific Indonesian localities, particularly Aru Island and Biak. These blue morphs display vibrant cyan to deep cobalt coloration rather than typical green, commanding premium prices in the reptile trade. Yellow specimens also occur naturally in certain populations, though selective breeding has enhanced and stabilized these color variations in captivity. All color morphs maintain the same husbandry requirements and behavioral characteristics regardless of pigmentation.

The head is distinctly triangular when viewed from above, appearing large relative to the neck diameter. Large, forward-facing eyes with vertical pupils provide excellent binocular vision for judging distances when striking at prey in three-dimensional arboreal environments. The most remarkable feature involves the extensive series of heat-sensing pits lining both the upper and lower labial scales, appearing as deep depressions between the scale margins. These thermoreceptive organs detect infrared radiation from warm-blooded prey with extraordinary sensitivity, allowing Green Tree Pythons to hunt successfully in complete darkness by sensing the thermal signature of birds and small mammals moving through the canopy.

Smooth, glossy scales create an almost iridescent appearance under proper lighting, particularly visible in freshly-shed specimens. The scales are relatively small and numerous compared to terrestrial pythons, arranged in 45-65 rows at midbody. A strongly prehensile tail provides exceptional gripping power, functioning almost as a fifth limb when navigating branches or securing perching positions. The tail comprises approximately one-fifth of the total body length, appearing proportionally longer than most terrestrial python species.

Neonates display remarkable ontogenetic color change, hatching either bright yellow or brick red depending on locality rather than the adult green coloration. This juvenile coloration persists for 6-12 months before gradually transforming to adult green through a fascinating transition period where patches of green appear against the yellow or red background, slowly expanding until the transformation completes. This color change timing varies individually, with some specimens completing transformation in six months while others require over a year. The adaptive significance of this juvenile coloration remains debated, possibly serving as camouflage among flowers and fruiting bodies in the canopy or mimicking dangerous venomous species that share their habitat.

Green Tree Pythons possess defensive, alert temperaments that make them challenging for inexperienced keepers accustomed to docile terrestrial species like Ball Pythons. Juveniles and subadults are notoriously aggressive, striking readily at any disturbance including cage maintenance, feeding presentations, or handling attempts. Their strikes are lightning-fast and remarkably accurate, though their relatively small mouths and short teeth mean bites rarely cause serious injury beyond superficial punctures. This defensive behavior reflects their evolutionary adaptation to arboreal life where flight options are limited, making aggressive displays essential for deterring predators.

Many Green Tree Pythons calm considerably with age and consistent, gentle handling, though they rarely achieve the relaxed tolerance characteristic of truly docile species. Adult specimens often display more temperament variation than juveniles, with some individuals becoming relatively handleable while others maintain lifelong defensiveness. This unpredictability means keepers should approach all handling sessions with appropriate caution regardless of previous positive experiences. Their temperament makes them better suited as display animals for experienced keepers who appreciate their beauty without requiring frequent interactive handling.

These pythons are strictly nocturnal, remaining absolutely motionless on perches throughout daylight hours in their characteristic saddle position. This coiled posture, with the body draped symmetrically across a horizontal branch and the head resting atop the coils, serves multiple functions including weight distribution, thermoregulation, and optimal strike positioning. They can maintain this position for days without movement, appearing almost sculptural in their stillness. During evening hours, they become alert and active, lifting their heads to scan surroundings, adjusting body position, and occasionally moving to different perches.

Feeding behavior involves remarkable strike speed and accuracy, with Green Tree Pythons launching from perched positions with their entire body extending toward prey. They possess exceptional depth perception from their large, forward-facing eyes combined with heat-sensing capabilities from their prominent labial pits. This dual sensory system allows precise strikes in complete darkness, detecting both visual movement and thermal signatures from warm-blooded prey. After striking and securing prey, they throw powerful coils while still maintaining purchase on their perch with their prehensile tail, demonstrating impressive coordination and strength.

Green Tree Pythons are strictly solitary outside brief breeding encounters, showing no social tendencies or need for companionship. Males may compete aggressively during breeding season, though actual combat is rare compared to terrestrial python species. Females display exceptional maternal behavior, coiling around their eggs for the entire 45-50 day incubation period while contracting muscles rhythmically to generate heat that maintains optimal egg temperatures. This thermogenesis represents remarkable physiological capability, as females can elevate egg temperatures 10-15°F above ambient through sustained muscular contractions.

Their communication occurs primarily through chemical signaling detected by tongue-flicking and Jacobson's organ analysis, leaving scent trails containing information about sex, reproductive status, and territorial boundaries. Visual displays remain minimal due to their stationary hunting strategy, though they may gape their mouths showing bright yellow interior coloration when severely threatened. This display, combined with their prominent teeth and aggressive strikes, usually convinces predators to seek easier prey elsewhere.

Green Tree Pythons rarely attempt escape compared to terrestrial species, as their arboreal specialization means they instinctively seek elevated positions rather than ground-level exit routes. However, they can navigate screen tops or exploit gaps in enclosure construction if sufficiently motivated. Their prehensile tail and lightweight build make them surprisingly agile climbers capable of utilizing remarkably small footholds and branches that would not support heavier python species.

Green Tree Python enclosures must prioritize vertical space over floor dimensions, as these strictly arboreal snakes spend virtually no time on the ground outside feeding. Minimum enclosure dimensions measure 36 inches tall, 18 inches wide, and 18 inches deep for adults, though taller enclosures providing 48+ inches of vertical space better accommodate multiple perches at varying heights. Juveniles thrive in smaller enclosures measuring 24x12x24 inches, as excessively large spaces can cause feeding stress and difficulty locating prey in young specimens. Glass aquariums oriented vertically, screen cages, and purpose-built PVC or melamine enclosures all work successfully with proper modifications.

PVC and melamine enclosures from manufacturers like Custom Cages or Animal Plastics provide optimal solutions for Green Tree Pythons, as these materials offer superior humidity retention compared to screen cages while maintaining necessary ventilation. Glass aquariums work acceptably but require careful ventilation management to prevent stagnant air while maintaining high humidity. Screen cages, while providing excellent ventilation, make humidity maintenance extremely challenging and generally prove unsuitable unless heavily modified with plastic sheeting or glass panels reducing air exchange.

The most critical enclosure component involves horizontal perching branches positioned at varying heights throughout the vertical space. These perches should measure 1-2 inches in diameter for optimal gripping, allowing the snake's body to drape naturally in the characteristic saddle position. Natural branches, PVC pipes wrapped in artificial vines, cork branches, or commercial python perches all provide acceptable perching surfaces. Position perches at multiple heights to create thermal gradients allowing pythons to thermoregulate by moving between warmer upper perches and cooler lower positions.

Substrate selection matters less for arboreal species than terrestrial pythons, as Green Tree Pythons rarely contact the enclosure floor. Cypress mulch, coconut husk, sphagnum moss, or even newspaper work acceptably, primarily serving to maintain humidity and provide visual appeal. Substrate should remain slightly moist but never waterlogged, as excessive moisture promotes bacterial and fungal growth in the warm, humid environment. Some keepers successfully use bare enclosure floors with large water bowls, though substrate helps buffer humidity fluctuations.

Heating arboreal enclosures presents unique challenges, as heat must reach elevated perches without creating dangerous hot spots or relying entirely on rising warm air. Ceramic heat emitters or radiant heat panels mounted at the enclosure top work effectively, warming upper perches to 85-88°F while maintaining cooler lower areas at 78-82°F. ALWAYS use reliable thermostats controlling heating elements, as unregulated heat sources can exceed 150°F causing severe thermal burns. Monitor temperatures at multiple heights using digital thermometers or temperature guns, as temperature stratification in tall enclosures creates significant variations between upper and lower zones.

Under-tank heaters prove ineffective for Green Tree Pythons since they spend no time on the enclosure floor where heat accumulates. Heat lamps work but create overly bright conditions stressful to nocturnal species and cause rapid humidity loss through increased evaporation. Ceramic heat emitters provide ideal heating without light emission, matching nocturnal activity patterns while maintaining necessary temperatures throughout nighttime hours.

Maintaining 70-80% humidity represents the greatest husbandry challenge for Green Tree Pythons, requiring dedicated equipment and constant monitoring in most household environments. Large water bowls contribute to ambient humidity but rarely provide sufficient moisture alone. Automatic misting systems programmed to spray multiple times daily offer the most reliable humidity control, though hand-misting 2-3 times daily works for dedicated keepers. Live plants can help maintain humidity while providing additional visual barriers, though they require appropriate lighting and maintenance.

Monitor humidity using multiple accurate hygrometers positioned at different heights, as humidity levels vary considerably between upper and lower enclosure zones. Ensure adequate ventilation prevents stagnant air that promotes respiratory infections despite high humidity requirements. This balance between humidity retention and air exchange requires careful design, typically achieved through proper vent placement providing cross-ventilation without creating excessive drying drafts.

Water should be provided in bowls large enough for occasional soaking, positioned near the enclosure floor since Green Tree Pythons rarely descend to drink during normal circumstances. They obtain much moisture from prey and high ambient humidity, though access to fresh water remains essential for health. Change water at least weekly even if the bowl appears clean, as bacterial contamination occurs rapidly in warm, humid conditions.

Live or artificial plants enhance enclosure aesthetics while providing visual barriers that help these snakes feel secure. Pothos, bromeliads, and ferns work well in high-humidity environments, though artificial plants eliminate maintenance requirements while providing identical security benefits. Green Tree Pythons appreciate dense vegetation allowing them to feel hidden despite elevated perching positions visible to observers. This balance between visibility for keeper enjoyment and security for python wellbeing requires thoughtful enclosure design considering sight lines and visual barriers.

Green Tree Pythons are obligate carnivores feeding on small mammals and birds in their natural habitat, using their exceptional heat-sensing capabilities and ambush hunting strategy to capture prey moving through the forest canopy. Captive specimens readily accept domestically-bred rats and mice, though some individuals develop strong preferences for specific prey types based on early feeding experiences. Their arboreal lifestyle influences feeding protocols, as they prefer prey presented at perch height rather than ground-level offerings that might be ignored.

Feeding frequency varies with age and individual metabolism. Hatchlings and juveniles experiencing rapid growth require appropriately-sized prey every 5-7 days, typically starting with pinky mice or fuzzy rats. Subadults transition to weekly or bi-weekly feeding schedules as growth rates decline. Adults thrive on feeding schedules ranging from every 7-14 days depending on prey size, body condition, and activity level. Conservative feeding prevents obesity that causes shortened lifespan and numerous health complications, particularly problematic in arboreal species with limited exercise opportunities compared to active terrestrial pythons.

Prey size selection follows general guidelines suggesting items approximately equal to the snake's body diameter at its widest point, though Green Tree Pythons can safely consume slightly larger meals due to their expandable jaws and elastic skin. Monitor body condition carefully, adjusting prey size and frequency to maintain lean, muscular build without excessive fat deposits visible as rounded body cross-section or thick tail base. Overweight Green Tree Pythons lose their elegant appearance and experience numerous health problems including organ dysfunction and difficulty perching comfortably.

Frozen-thawed prey represents the safest and most practical feeding option, eliminating risks from defensive injuries caused by live rodents and ensuring humane prey death. Completely thaw prey to room temperature or slightly warmer before presentation. Many keepers successfully present prey using long feeding tongs, holding the rodent near the python's perch to trigger strike responses. Some individuals prefer prey suspended from feeding tongs or enclosure fixtures rather than hand-held presentations. Experiment with different presentation methods to determine individual preferences.

Arboreal feeding presentations work best for Green Tree Pythons, as ground-level prey placement may be ignored by pythons reluctant to descend from secure perches. Dangling prey in front of or slightly above the perched python typically triggers immediate strike responses in feeding-motivated individuals. Their strikes are remarkably fast and accurate, requiring careful technique to avoid handler bites during prey transfer. Use long tongs maintaining safe distance between hands and striking pythons.

Some Green Tree Pythons, particularly imports or stressed individuals, refuse food during acclimation periods lasting weeks or months. Patience, environmental optimization, and minimal disturbance usually resolve feeding strikes more effectively than forced feeding or excessive intervention. Ensure proper temperature and humidity levels, provide adequate security through perches and visual barriers, and minimize handling during acclimation. Once established, most Green Tree Pythons become reliable feeders accepting frozen-thawed prey without hesitation.

After feeding, allow 48-72 hours before any handling or enclosure maintenance to permit complete digestion. Premature disturbance can trigger regurgitation that stresses the python and wastes the meal. The post-feeding bulge remains visible for several days, gradually diminishing as digestion progresses. Never handle pythons displaying prominent bulges, as digestive organs remain engorged and vulnerable to damage from excessive movement or stress.

Green Tree Pythons are generally hardy reptiles that thrive under proper conditions, regularly living 15-20 years in captivity when husbandry requirements are consistently met. However, their strict humidity requirements and sensitivity to environmental conditions mean they're more prone to health problems than hardier terrestrial species like Ball Pythons when care standards slip. Most Green Tree Python health issues directly result from improper humidity, incorrect temperatures, or inadequate arboreal accommodations rather than inherent species fragility. Early detection of health problems requires vigilant observation for behavioral changes, feeding refusal, abnormal shedding, respiratory symptoms, or physical abnormalities. Establishing relationships with reptile-experienced veterinarians before emergencies arise ensures access to qualified care when health problems occur, though finding vets familiar with arboreal python species may prove challenging in some areas.

Most Green Tree Python health problems are preventable through proper humidity maintenance, appropriate temperatures, and arboreal accommodations meeting their specialized needs. Keepers who consistently maintain 70-80% humidity, provide proper heating, and supply adequate perching rarely encounter serious health issues. However, their environmental sensitivity means even brief husbandry lapses can trigger problems requiring weeks to resolve, making them inappropriate for keepers unable to maintain demanding environmental conditions consistently.

Green Tree Pythons generally tolerate minimal handling compared to terrestrial species, with most individuals displaying defensive behavior throughout their lives. Their arboreal specialization, delicate build, and naturally nervous temperament mean they're best appreciated as display animals rather than interactive pets. However, occasional handling for health checks, enclosure maintenance, or veterinary visits remains necessary, requiring specific techniques that minimize stress while preventing handler injuries from their rapid, accurate strikes.

Proper handling technique involves gently lifting the python from underneath while supporting its body weight across your hands and allowing the prehensile tail to release its grip naturally. Never pull pythons from perches forcefully, as this can cause tail injuries or defensive strikes. Many individuals calm once removed from their secure perching positions, becoming more tolerant during handling sessions away from their enclosures. However, others remain defensive throughout handling regardless of technique or frequency.

Allow newly acquired Green Tree Pythons at least 7-14 days to acclimate before attempting first handling sessions, as this adjustment period reduces stress and allows snakes to establish feeding responses. Begin handling sessions gradually with young specimens that have been feeding consistently for several weeks. Even with proper socialization, most Green Tree Pythons never achieve the relaxed tolerance displayed by truly docile species, requiring handlers to maintain appropriate caution and respect.

Handle infrequently, perhaps monthly or less, to minimize stress while maintaining some habituation to human contact. Excessive handling provides no benefits and increases stress that can trigger feeding refusals, immune suppression, or defensive aggression. Watch for stress signals including rapid tongue-flicking, muscular tension, gaping mouth displays, or strike attempts, which indicate the session should end immediately. Never handle during shedding cycles when pythons cannot see clearly and feel particularly vulnerable, or during the 48-72 hour digestion period following feeding.

Always wash hands thoroughly before and after handling to prevent disease transmission and remove food odors that might trigger feeding responses. Their strikes are lightning-fast and accurate, making defensive bites likely when pythons feel threatened or when feeding responses activate. While bites from their relatively small mouths rarely cause serious injury, they can be painful and startling. Wearing gloves during handling sessions with particularly defensive individuals provides some protection, though it reduces tactile feedback that helps handlers anticipate python responses.

Green Tree Pythons suit intermediate to advanced keepers with specific interest in arboreal species and appreciation for beautiful display animals rather than handleable pets. Their strict humidity requirements, defensive temperaments, and specialized arboreal needs make them inappropriate for beginners despite their manageable size. Successful keeping requires dedication to maintaining demanding environmental conditions consistently throughout their 15-20 year lifespan, with even brief husbandry lapses causing health problems that may take weeks or months to resolve.

The primary challenge involves maintaining 70-80% humidity consistently, requiring automatic misting systems, dedicated hand-misting schedules, or both depending on local climate. Keepers in dry climates face particular difficulties maintaining appropriate moisture levels, often requiring humidifiers, reduced ventilation, and constant monitoring. Those unwilling or unable to commit to intensive humidity management should not acquire Green Tree Pythons, as insufficient moisture causes inevitable health problems despite otherwise excellent care.

Financial considerations extend beyond purchase price, which ranges from $300-500 for normal green specimens to $1,000+ for rare blue or yellow morphs from desirable localities. Initial setup costs including appropriate enclosures, heating equipment, thermostats, misting systems, perches, and monitoring equipment typically range from $400-800 for quality components. Ongoing costs for electricity, prey animals, substrate, and misting system maintenance add $150-300 annually. Veterinary care for respiratory infections or other health problems can cost hundreds of dollars, making financial preparedness essential.

Green Tree Pythons are inappropriate for families seeking interactive pets or beginners wanting handleable first snakes. Their defensive nature means handling should be minimal, making them unsuitable for anyone desiring frequent interaction. They excel as display animals for dedicated hobbyists who appreciate observing natural behaviors, stunning coloration, and elegant arboreal movements without requiring hands-on engagement. Their beauty and fascinating behaviors provide endless enjoyment for keepers who respect their needs and appreciate them on their own terms.

Verify local laws regarding python ownership before acquisition, as some jurisdictions restrict or prohibit pythons despite their non-venomous nature and manageable size. Rental agreements frequently prohibit reptiles, requiring verification with landlords before purchase. Always purchase captive-bred specimens from reputable breeders rather than wild-caught imports, as captive-bred pythons demonstrate superior health, established feeding responses, and better temperaments than wild-caught individuals that often arrive stressed, parasitized, and difficult to acclimate.

Prospective keepers should honestly assess whether they can maintain 70-80% humidity, provide appropriate vertical space with multiple perches, accept minimal handling opportunities, and commit to specialized care for 15-20 years. Green Tree Pythons reward dedicated keepers with breathtaking beauty and fascinating behaviors, but they demand environmental precision and husbandry consistency inappropriate for casual reptile keeping or those seeking low-maintenance pets.