Southern Flying Squirrel
Species Description

The Southern Flying Squirrel, scientifically designated as Glaucomys volans, belongs to the family Sciuridae, which encompasses all squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots. The genus name "Glaucomys" derives from Greek roots meaning "gray mouse," while "volans" translates to "flying" in Latin, together describing these animals' mouse-like appearance and gliding abilities. Despite the common name, flying squirrels don't truly fly but glide using specialized membrane structures.

Within the United States, this species is commonly called the "Southern Flying Squirrel" to distinguish it from its larger relative, the Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), which inhabits more northern regions and higher elevations. In casual conversation, they're often referred to simply as "flying squirrels" or "flyers" in the exotic pet community. Some regional dialects use terms like "fairy diddles" or "assapans," the latter derived from Native American languages, though these names are largely archaic.

Two subspecies are currently recognized: the widespread Glaucomys volans volans and the endangered Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel subspecies found in isolated mountain populations. For pet trade purposes, all captive-bred southern flying squirrels are typically the common subspecies, as endangered subspecies are legally protected and unavailable to private owners.

It's important to distinguish southern flying squirrels from sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps), which are often compared due to superficial similarities. While both are small, nocturnal, gliding mammals kept as exotic pets, sugar gliders are marsupials from Australia while flying squirrels are placental rodents from North America. They have entirely different care requirements, behaviors, and legal statuses. Flying squirrels are generally considered calmer and less demanding than sugar gliders, though both require significant commitment.

The term "flying squirrel" encompasses approximately 50 species worldwide in the subfamily Pteromyinae, with the southern flying squirrel being just one North American representative. Other species exist throughout Asia and Europe, though most aren't available in the pet trade and have different care requirements. Always ensure any flying squirrel obtained is a southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) if following care guidelines specific to this species.

Southern Flying Squirrels are diminutive, delicate rodents with specialized anatomical features enabling their remarkable gliding abilities. Adults measure 5-6 inches in body length with flattened tails adding another 4-5 inches, creating total lengths of 9-11 inches. Adult weight ranges from 2-3 ounces, with males slightly larger than females though sexual dimorphism is subtle. Their lightweight build is essential for gliding efficiency, making them remarkably light for their apparent size.

The most distinctive feature is the patagium, a furred membrane stretching from wrist to ankle on each side of the body. When the squirrel extends its limbs, this membrane spreads taut, creating a wing-like surface enabling controlled gliding between trees. The patagium is composed of loose skin that folds neatly against the body when not in use, barely noticeable during normal movement. Specialized cartilaginous rods extending from the wrists help support and control the membrane during flight.

Coat coloration is remarkably soft and luxurious, among the silkiest of all rodent furs. Dorsal surface ranges from cinnamon-brown to grayish-brown, while ventral surfaces are creamy white or pale gray. The demarcation between dorsal and ventral colors is generally gradual rather than sharply defined. Individual color variation exists, with some specimens appearing more reddish while others tend toward gray tones. The tail is flattened rather than cylindrical, heavily furred, and used as both a rudder during gliding and balance aid during climbing.

Facial features are endearing and distinctive. The eyes are enormous, round, and glossy black, positioned frontally and providing the binocular vision necessary for judging distances during glides. These large eyes are an adaptation for nocturnal vision, gathering maximum available light. The ears are relatively large, rounded, and translucent when backlit, constantly rotating to monitor sounds. Prominent vibrissae (whiskers) extend several inches from the snout and above the eyes, serving as sensitive tactile sensors for navigating in darkness and through dense vegetation.

The paws are highly specialized for arboreal life. All four feet possess sharp, curved claws providing secure grip on bark and branches. Paw pads are soft and tactile, with front paws featuring opposable thumbs allowing sophisticated food manipulation. Hind feet are proportionally large, providing strong launch platforms for initiating glides. The ankle joints are remarkably flexible, rotating nearly 180 degrees to allow head-first descent down tree trunks—a distinctive locomotion pattern called "squirrel walking" rarely seen in other mammals.

Dental structure follows typical rodent patterns with prominent orange incisors growing continuously throughout life. The front surface of incisors features hard enamel while the back surface is softer dentine, creating self-sharpening edges through differential wear. Behind the incisors, a gap called the diastema separates front teeth from grinding molars. This arrangement allows squirrels to gnaw through shells and bark with incisors while manipulating and holding food items with their paws, processing edible portions with molars while excluding inedible materials.

Southern Flying Squirrels possess remarkably engaging temperaments that, when properly socialized from youth, make them among the most personable exotic rodent pets. Their behavior combines intelligence, playfulness, and capacity for genuine bonding with human caregivers, though achieving this requires dedicated effort and appropriate expectations.

When obtained young—ideally around 5-7 weeks old—and handled daily, flying squirrels bond strongly with their owners, recognizing individuals by sight and scent. Bonded squirrels often seek their owners' company, riding in shirt pockets, bonding pouches, or on shoulders during evening hours. They may groom their owners' fingers, play gently, and show clear preference for familiar people over strangers. This bonding potential exceeds what's typical for many rodent species and rivals sugar gliders in attachment strength.

However, socialization success depends entirely on consistent, gentle interaction beginning in youth. Adult squirrels, particularly those wild-caught or poorly socialized during critical developmental periods, rarely become tame and may remain fearful or defensive throughout life. The window for optimal socialization is relatively brief, making early acquisition and immediate dedication essential for developing trusting relationships.

Playful behavior is pronounced and delightful to observe. Flying squirrels engage in acrobatic displays, launching themselves around their enclosures or play rooms with impressive agility. They enjoy chase games, investigating novel objects, and interacting with puzzle toys. Many individuals develop favorite toys or activities, showing clear preferences and even "personalities" ranging from bold explorers to cautious observers. Play wrestling between bonded cage mates is common, involving tumbling, chasing, and gentle mock fighting.

Gliding behavior, while spectacular, occurs primarily when squirrels have sufficient height and distance to make glides worthwhile. In typical home environments, they may glide from cage tops to furniture or between strategically placed platforms, though the limited distances in most rooms don't showcase their full gliding potential. Outdoor aviaries or dedicated flying rooms with high ceilings allow more natural gliding displays. Squirrels often seem to enjoy gliding for its own sake, sometimes making unnecessary glides apparently for entertainment rather than essential transportation.

Nocturnal activity patterns are absolute and non-negotiable. Flying squirrels are completely inactive during daylight hours, sleeping deeply in nest boxes or pouches. Disturbing them during sleep causes significant stress and may trigger defensive biting even in well-socialized individuals. Activity begins at dusk, with peak energy lasting several hours into the night. Owners must adapt to these schedules, providing interaction during evening hours rather than expecting daytime activity.

Vocalizations are varied and generally pleasant. They produce soft chirps, twitters, and clucking sounds during normal activity and social interaction. Alarm calls include sharp barks when startled or threatened. Males may vocalize more during breeding season. Overall, their sounds are far less intrusive than many small mammals, rarely disturbing household members or neighbors even in apartments.

Caching behavior is instinctual and persistent. Flying squirrels hide food items throughout their environment, stashing nuts, seeds, and other non-perishable foods in crevices, corners, and chosen hiding spots. This isn't waste but natural behavior providing psychological satisfaction. During cleaning, check cache locations and remove perishables while allowing dry foods to remain, respecting their hoarding instincts.

Social dynamics among flying squirrels are generally peaceful when properly housed. Same-sex pairs or small groups raised together typically coexist harmoniously, sleeping together in communal nests and playing cooperatively. Opposite-sex pairs will breed continuously unless separated, making same-sex housing preferable unless breeding is specifically intended. Introducing unfamiliar adults requires careful, gradual introduction procedures with monitoring for aggression.

Proper housing for Southern Flying Squirrels requires understanding their arboreal nature and providing substantial vertical space for climbing, jumping, and gliding. Unlike terrestrial rodents that prioritize floor space, flying squirrels need height, with minimum cage dimensions of 24x24x36 inches for a single squirrel or pair, though taller is always better. Cages 48-72 inches tall allow more natural behaviors and provide better quality of life.

Wire cages offer better ventilation and climbing opportunities than aquariums. Bar spacing should not exceed 1/2 inch to prevent escape or head entrapment, as flying squirrels can squeeze through surprisingly small gaps. Horizontal bars or wire mesh sides provide better climbing grip than vertical bars only. The cage must be extremely secure with locks or clips, as flying squirrels are intelligent and determined, often learning to manipulate simple latches.

Furnishing emphasizes vertical complexity over floor space. Install multiple wooden branches at various heights and angles, creating a three-dimensional climbing environment. Natural branches from safe trees like apple, willow, or manzanita provide excellent grip and gnawing opportunities. Include rope bridges, hammocks, and platforms at different elevations, allowing squirrels to travel throughout the cage using various routes. The more complex the environment, the better.

Nest boxes are essential, positioned at the highest point in the cage where squirrels feel most secure. Wooden or natural fiber boxes measuring 6x6x8 inches provide adequate sleeping space for pairs. Multiple boxes allow choice and prevent territorial disputes in groups. Fill boxes with soft nesting material like shredded paper, tissues, or commercial small animal bedding. Flying squirrels spend considerable effort arranging nests to their specifications.

Bonding pouches serve dual purposes as portable nest boxes and socialization tools. These soft fabric pouches can hang in the cage for sleeping or be carried by owners, allowing squirrels to accompany them during evening activities. Pouches facilitate bonding while providing security, as squirrels can retreat inside when feeling overwhelmed. Many owners keep multiple pouches, rotating through washing cycles while always having clean options available.

Temperature requirements are moderate and flexible. Maintain ambient temperatures between 65-80°F, avoiding extremes below 60°F or above 85°F. Flying squirrels tolerate typical household temperatures well, though they prefer slightly cooler conditions than tropical species. Avoid placing cages near heating vents, air conditioning drafts, or windows with direct sunlight causing temperature fluctuations.

Lighting considerations respect their nocturnal nature. Position cages where natural day-night cycles occur without excessive artificial lighting during their active evening hours. Avoid sudden bright lights during activity periods, as these stress nocturnal animals. Red lights or dim nightlights allow observation without disturbing them, as many nocturnal mammals have reduced red light sensitivity.

Out-of-cage time is essential, provided nightly in squirrel-proofed rooms or areas. Flying squirrels need space to glide, explore, and bond with owners during these supervised sessions. Remove hazards including toxic plants, exposed wires, small gaps where squirrels can become trapped, and open windows or doors. Cover or remove items they might chew destructively. These play sessions strengthen bonds while providing essential exercise and mental stimulation.

Cleaning routines balance hygiene with preserving familiar scent markers. Spot clean daily, removing feces and uneaten perishable foods. Complete cage cleaning occurs weekly or bi-weekly, washing all accessories, replacing bedding and nesting material, and sanitizing surfaces with pet-safe cleaners. Always leave some familiar nesting material in nest boxes to maintain scent continuity and security.

Substrate choices for cage bottoms include fleece liners, paper bedding, or aspen shavings. Avoid cedar or pine containing aromatic oils that cause respiratory problems. Many keepers prefer fleece liners for cleanliness and reusability, though these require regular washing. Whatever substrate is chosen, ensure adequate absorbency and change frequently to prevent ammonia buildup.

Southern Flying Squirrels are omnivores with complex nutritional requirements reflecting their varied wild diet. Proper nutrition in captivity requires understanding calcium-phosphorus ratios, protein needs, and the importance of dietary diversity for preventing common deficiencies, particularly metabolic bone disease that devastates improperly fed squirrels.

The foundation of captive diet should be high-quality rodent blocks or squirrel-specific pellets formulated with appropriate calcium-phosphorus ratios of approximately 2:1. These pellets prevent selective feeding where squirrels eat only preferred items while neglecting essential nutrients. Offer approximately 1-2 tablespoons of pellets daily per squirrel, adjusting based on body condition. Many flying squirrel enthusiasts recommend Exotic Nutrition's products specifically formulated for their needs.

Calcium supplementation is absolutely critical for preventing metabolic bone disease, the most common serious health problem in captive flying squirrels. Provide calcium sources through multiple methods: dust insects with calcium powder, offer calcium-rich vegetables, and consider adding calcium supplements to food or water. However, over-supplementation causes problems too, making balanced commercial diets important. The calcium-phosphorus ratio must remain appropriate, as excess phosphorus binds calcium and contributes to deficiency regardless of calcium intake.

Protein sources should be varied and offered daily. Appropriate options include mealworms, crickets, waxworms (occasionally, as treats), hard-boiled eggs, small amounts of cooked chicken or turkey, and cottage cheese in tiny amounts. Protein needs increase during growth, pregnancy, and lactation. Most adult squirrels do well with protein comprising approximately 20-25% of total diet. Gut-load insects before feeding to enhance nutritional value.

Fresh fruits should be offered daily in small amounts, comprising approximately 20-30% of diet. Suitable fruits include apples, berries, melon, banana, mango, and papaya. Avoid citrus fruits, which many squirrels dislike and may cause digestive upset. Wash all produce thoroughly to remove pesticides. Remove uneaten fruits after several hours to prevent spoilage.

Vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals, offered daily alongside fruits. Appropriate choices include sweet potato, carrots, broccoli, leafy greens like romaine and kale, and bell peppers. Dark leafy greens are particularly valuable for calcium content. Introduce variety rather than feeding identical items daily, mimicking the dietary diversity they'd experience naturally.

Nuts and seeds appeal strongly to flying squirrels but must be limited due to high fat content and unfavorable calcium-phosphorus ratios. Offer small amounts 2-3 times weekly as treats rather than dietary staples. In-shell nuts provide enrichment through the challenge of extracting kernels. Appropriate nuts include almonds, walnuts, pecans, and hazelnuts in tiny quantities. Avoid peanuts, which have poor nutritional profiles and potential aflatoxin contamination.

Fresh water must be available constantly via bottles or bowls. Many flying squirrels prefer bottles, which prevent bedding contamination. Check bottle function daily, as stuck ball bearings leave squirrels without water. Some individuals prefer drinking from bowls, requiring daily cleaning and refilling. Offer both options initially, determining individual preference.

Supplements may be necessary depending on base diet quality. A high-quality multivitamin designed for small mammals, given 2-3 times weekly, provides insurance against deficiencies. However, supplementation should complement, not replace, proper diet variety. Excessive supplementation causes imbalances potentially as harmful as deficiencies.

Feeding schedule typically involves offering main food items in the evening as squirrels become active, allowing natural foraging during peak activity periods. Remove perishables the following day during their sleep period, working quietly to minimize disturbance. Leave pellets available constantly, as squirrels eat multiple small meals throughout active hours.

Common dietary mistakes include over-reliance on nuts and seeds that are nutritionally inadequate, insufficient calcium-phosphorus attention leading to metabolic bone disease, feeding dog or cat food with inappropriate nutrient ratios, and providing insufficient dietary variety. Owners who prioritize balanced commercial diets supplemented with diverse fresh foods and appropriate proteins while carefully managing calcium-phosphorus ratios maintain healthier, longer-lived squirrels.

Southern Flying Squirrels are generally hardy animals with good health when provided proper care, typically living 5-7 years in captivity with some individuals reaching 10 years or more—significantly longer than their 2-4 year wild lifespan. Their primary health challenges stem from improper husbandry, particularly dietary deficiencies causing metabolic bone disease, rather than infectious diseases. Regular observation is essential, as squirrels hide illness symptoms until conditions become advanced. Finding exotic veterinarians experienced with flying squirrels can be challenging, as they're less common than other exotic pets, making many practitioners rely on general rodent medicine knowledge. Preventive care through optimal diet, housing, and handling proves far more effective than treating established diseases. Most health problems in captive flying squirrels are entirely preventable through appropriate calcium supplementation, varied nutrition, proper temperature control, and stress minimization through gentle handling and appropriate nocturnal schedules.

The key to maintaining flying squirrel health lies in preventing metabolic bone disease through meticulous dietary management with proper calcium-phosphorus ratios, providing varied nutrition beyond just favorite treats, and ensuring adequate exercise opportunities. Owners who prioritize these fundamental requirements while establishing relationships with exotic veterinarians and responding promptly to illness symptoms can expect healthy, active squirrels throughout their 5-10 year lifespan. Success with flying squirrels requires commitment to their specialized needs and willingness to adapt to nocturnal schedules, but dedicated owners find these remarkable animals incredibly rewarding.

Handling and daily care of Southern Flying Squirrels requires understanding that success depends entirely on early socialization and respecting their nocturnal schedule. These animals can become remarkably tame and affectionate but only with consistent, appropriate interaction beginning in youth and continuing throughout life.

Initial acquisition should occur around 5-7 weeks old when squirrels are weaned but still in their critical socialization window. Squirrels obtained at this age and handled daily typically bond strongly with owners, while those acquired older or neglected during youth may never become truly tame. Hand-raising from earlier ages is possible but requires specialized knowledge of feeding and care beyond typical keeper capabilities.

Daily handling during evening hours, when squirrels are naturally active and receptive, builds trust and maintains bonds. Start with short sessions of 15-20 minutes, gradually extending as comfort increases. Use bonding pouches, allowing squirrels to ride in pockets or pouches during owner activities. This provides constant proximity while offering security, as squirrels can retreat inside when feeling overwhelmed.

Proper handling technique involves calm, confident movements. Let squirrels come to you initially rather than grabbing them, offering hands as platforms they can climb onto voluntarily. Once comfortable, they'll readily run up arms, perch on shoulders, or nestle in pockets. When catching becomes necessary, use bonding pouches or nest boxes, encouraging entry rather than pursuing panicked squirrels around cages. Never grab by the tail, which can cause injury and permanent damage to the patagium.

Daytime disturbance should be minimized absolutely. Flying squirrels sleep deeply during daylight hours and disturbing them causes significant stress, potentially triggering defensive biting even in well-bonded individuals. Perform necessary daytime tasks like food and water replenishment quickly and quietly, allowing squirrels to continue sleeping undisturbed. Never attempt socialization or play during their natural sleep periods.

Daily care routines align with their nocturnal schedule. As evening approaches and squirrels become active, offer fresh foods including perishable items like fruits, vegetables, and proteins. Spend interactive time playing, allowing out-of-cage exploration, or simply letting bonded squirrels accompany you during evening activities. Morning routines during their wind-down period involve removing uneaten perishables and spot cleaning visible waste while they're still slightly active and more tolerant of minor disturbance.

Cage maintenance includes daily spot cleaning of feces and food debris, typically performed during their morning wind-down period or late daytime hours. Weekly deep cleaning involves washing all accessories, replacing bedding and nesting material, and sanitizing cage surfaces. Work efficiently to minimize time squirrels spend in temporary holding, as transfers stress them significantly.

Nail trimming is occasionally necessary when nails become overgrown, though many squirrels wear nails naturally on rough branches. When trimming is required, work during evening hours when they're awake but calm, using small animal nail clippers to trim only clear tips beyond the pink quick. Have styptic powder available in case of accidental quick cutting. Some squirrels tolerate trimming better when distracted with favorite treats.

Bonding maintenance requires consistency throughout the squirrel's life. Even well-bonded squirrels can become semi-wild if neglected for extended periods. Daily interaction maintains bonds and keeps squirrels socialized. Vacation planning requires dedicated pet sitters familiar with flying squirrels or boarding with exotic specialists, as these animals can't simply be left with food and water like some pets.

Southern Flying Squirrels make enchanting pets for dedicated owners willing to accommodate their nocturnal schedules and specialized needs, but they're completely unsuitable for casual pet seekers or those with daytime-focused lifestyles. Understanding what makes successful flying squirrel ownership prevents mismatches and ensures these animals find appropriate homes.

Ideal flying squirrel owners have evening availability and nocturnal or flexible schedules. College students, night shift workers, artists with evening creative periods, or anyone naturally active during evening hours can provide optimal interaction times. Traditional 9-5 workers returning home in evenings can succeed if committed to evening socialization, but those with early bedtimes or limited evening availability should choose diurnal species instead.

Socialization commitment is non-negotiable for developing tame, bonded squirrels. Prospective owners must commit to daily handling during evening hours for the squirrel's entire 5-10 year lifespan. Missing days occasionally won't undo bonding, but extended neglect causes formerly tame squirrels to revert to semi-wild behavior. People seeking low-maintenance pets they can ignore for days should not consider flying squirrels.

Housing requirements demand substantial space and financial investment. Tall cages, extensive furnishings, out-of-cage play areas, and ongoing food costs create significant expenses. Initial setup costs several hundred dollars minimum, with ongoing costs for food, bedding, accessories, and veterinary care. Pet insurance for exotic animals is limited, making emergency funds essential for unexpected health crises.

Legal considerations vary dramatically by jurisdiction. Many states prohibit private ownership of flying squirrels entirely, while others require permits or have specific regulations. Always verify local and state laws before acquiring squirrels, as illegal possession can result in confiscation, fines, and criminal charges. Reputable breeders verify buyer locations and provide documentation, while reluctance to discuss legality suggests questionable operations.

Families with young children should carefully evaluate suitability. Flying squirrels are delicate and can be injured by rough handling that children might not recognize as harmful. Their nocturnal schedule conflicts with children's routines, and disturbing sleeping squirrels causes defensive biting. Families with children over 10-12 who understand gentle handling and respect animal needs can succeed, but squirrels shouldn't be considered children's pets. Adult supervision is essential.

Household compatibility with other pets requires assessment. Flying squirrels must be protected from predatory animals including cats, dogs, and ferrets. Even "friendly" pets may injure squirrels through rough play or instinctual predation. Secure caging and complete separation during out-of-cage time are essential. Households with aggressive or high-prey-drive pets may find safely managing flying squirrels impractical or impossible.

Time commitment extends beyond daily handling to include cage maintenance, food preparation, veterinary appointments, and play supervision. While not as demanding as dogs, they're not low-maintenance pets that survive with minimal attention. Prospective owners should honestly assess whether they can provide consistent care for 5-10 years through life changes including moves, relationships, career shifts, and other unpredictable circumstances.

Emotional considerations include accepting that squirrels bond most strongly with primary caregivers, potentially showing less interest in other household members. They may be territorial of bonded humans, displaying possessiveness. Additionally, their lifespans of 5-10 years mean losing beloved pets is inevitable, requiring emotional preparedness for eventual grief.

Prospective owners should acquire squirrels from reputable captive breeders rather than wild sources. Captive-bred squirrels are healthier, better socialized, and legal in jurisdictions allowing flying squirrels. Wild-caught animals carry parasites and diseases, rarely become tame, and their capture harms wild populations. Ethical acquisition supports responsible breeding while protecting wild populations.