Degu
Species Description

The name "degu" (pronounced DAY-goo) comes from the indigenous Mapuche people of Chile, who used this term for these abundant rodents in their native range. The scientific name Octodon degus reflects a distinctive anatomical feature - "octodon" refers to the figure-eight pattern formed by the enamel folds on their molar teeth when viewed in cross-section. The species name "degus" simply incorporates the common name into the scientific nomenclature. These rodents belong to the family Octodontidae, a group of South American rodents sometimes called "brush-tailed rats" or "coruros."

In their native Chile, degus are also called "ratón cola de pincel" (brush-tailed rat) or simply "ardilla" (squirrel) due to their somewhat squirrel-like appearance and behaviors. In English-speaking countries, they are universally known as degus or sometimes "Chilean degus" to distinguish them from other Octodon species. The plural forms "degus" and "degu" are both used, though "degus" is more technically correct. No commonly used alternate English names exist, unlike many exotic pets with multiple regional designations.

Several related species exist within the genus Octodon, including the larger Octodon bridgesi and the nocturnal Octodon lunatus. However, Octodon degus is the only species commonly kept in captivity and referred to simply as "degu" in the pet trade. The genus belongs to a uniquely South American rodent radiation that evolved in isolation, making degus more closely related to chinchillas and guinea pigs than to rats or mice despite some superficial similarities.

In scientific literature, degus are studied extensively as model organisms for various human health conditions including diabetes, cataracts, and circadian rhythms due to their diurnal nature and natural diabetes susceptibility. This research has enhanced understanding of degu biology and care requirements. The term "degu" in both common and scientific usage always refers specifically to Octodon degus, and no confusion exists with other species as the name is uniquely applied.

Degus are medium-sized rodents with bodies measuring 5 to 7 inches in length, plus distinctive tails adding another 4 to 6 inches. Adult weight ranges from 6 to 10 ounces, with males typically slightly larger than females. Their body build is robust and somewhat squirrel-like, with a rounded head, compact body, and powerful hind legs adapted for jumping and running. The overall appearance is more refined than rats while being substantially larger than mice or dwarf hamsters.

The coat consists of coarse outer guard hairs and softer underfur, creating a dense pelage providing insulation and protection. Wild-type degus display agouti coloring - each hair features bands of different colors creating an overall brown to gray-brown appearance on the dorsal surface. The belly is cream to pale yellow, creating distinct dorsal-ventral color contrast. Some captive-bred color variations exist including blue, black, and agouti-pied patterns, though these are less common than the standard wild-type coloring.

The head features large, dark eyes positioned laterally providing excellent peripheral vision for predator detection. Their ears are prominent, rounded, and mobile, capable of independent movement to localize sounds. The face appears alert and intelligent with a blunt muzzle bearing prominent whiskers used for tactile exploration. Like all rodents, degus possess ever-growing incisors - the front teeth are orange to yellow due to iron-rich enamel that provides hardness and wear resistance. These incisors require constant wear through chewing.

The tail is particularly distinctive, covered with short hair except for a prominent tuft or brush at the tip. This "brush-tail" gives rise to one of their alternate names and serves multiple functions including balance during climbing and jumping, communication through position and movement, and possibly thermoregulation. Degus can shed their tail skin if grabbed by predators, escaping while leaving the tail covering behind - a defense mechanism called autotomy. The exposed tail vertebrae eventually fall off, though this is traumatic and should never occur in captivity.

Their feet are adapted for their semi-fossorial lifestyle. The front paws feature four toes with strong claws perfect for digging, manipulating food, and climbing. The hind feet have five toes and are elongated, providing powerful jumping ability and speed when running. Foot pads are relatively exposed compared to desert-adapted rodents, reflecting their origins in Chilean scrubland rather than true desert. The combination of strong limbs, good coordination, and excellent vision makes degus agile climbers and jumpers capable of navigating complex three-dimensional environments.

Degus are highly intelligent, social rodents with complex behaviors and individual personalities that emerge clearly in captivity. Their intelligence level is comparable to rats, making them capable of learning tricks, recognizing individual humans, understanding routines, and solving problems. They are naturally curious and investigative, exploring their environment thoroughly using their excellent vision, acute hearing, and tactile whiskers. This curiosity makes them engaging pets but also means they require substantial mental stimulation to prevent boredom.

Socially, degus are obligate colony animals that must interact with their own species for psychological wellbeing. In captivity, they should always be kept in same-sex pairs or small groups. Within their colonies, they maintain hierarchies through gentle assertive behaviors rather than serious fighting in properly bonded groups. Dominant individuals assert priority at food sources and preferred locations, while subordinate animals yield without conflict. Social grooming is a crucial bonding behavior - degus spend considerable time grooming each other's faces, ears, and hard-to-reach areas, strengthening relationships.

With humans, well-socialized degus become comfortable with their caregivers and may approach for treats or investigation. They are not naturally cuddly animals and typically prefer interactive play to passive holding. However, patient socialization from a young age can create degus that willingly climb on owners, take treats from hands, and even come when called. Their intelligence means they respond well to positive reinforcement training using healthy treats as rewards. Unlike some rodents that remain skittish, degus can form genuine bonds with consistent, gentle caregivers.

Vocally, degus are more communicative than many small rodents. They produce various sounds including soft chirps during content activities, alarm whistles when threats are detected, aggressive chattering during disputes, and distinctive warbling calls that seem to serve social bonding functions. These vocalizations are generally soft and unlikely to disturb neighbors, though excited degus can be surprisingly vocal. Learning their vocal repertoire helps owners understand their emotional states and needs.

Play behavior in degus is energetic and entertaining to observe. They engage in chasing games, wrestling, mock fighting, and acrobatic displays. Young degus are particularly playful, spending hours in social play that helps develop coordination and social skills. Adult degus continue playing throughout life, especially in enriched environments with varied opportunities. They particularly enjoy running wheels, climbing structures, tunnels, and manipulative toys. Their activity level is remarkable - degus seem to be in constant motion during waking hours.

Perhaps their most notable behavioral characteristic is their strictly diurnal activity pattern. Unlike most pet rodents that are nocturnal or crepuscular, degus are active during the same daytime hours as their owners. This makes them ideal for people who want to interact with their pets during daylight hours and sleep undisturbed at night. They typically wake shortly after dawn, become increasingly active through morning, rest during the hottest midday hours, then peak in activity during afternoon before settling for the night around dusk. This natural rhythm aligns well with human schedules, contributing to their appeal as pets.

Degus require spacious, multi-level cages accommodating their high activity level, climbing abilities, and social nature. Minimum cage dimensions for a pair are 24 inches wide by 24 inches deep by 36 inches tall, though larger is strongly preferable - 30x30x48 inches or bigger is ideal. Multiple degus need proportionally more space. The cage must be constructed from degu-proof materials as they are persistent chewers. All-metal cages with bar spacing no wider than 1/2 inch prevent escapes and provide climbing opportunities. Avoid plastic cages which they quickly destroy.

Bar orientation and spacing are important considerations. Horizontal bars facilitate climbing, which degus do extensively. Spacing must not exceed 1/2 inch as degus can squeeze through surprisingly small gaps. Powder-coated or galvanized metal bars resist rust and are safe for chewing. The cage should include solid platforms at multiple levels rather than only wire shelves, as wire flooring causes bumblefoot and foot injuries. Cover any wire shelves with solid wood, kiln-dried pine, or metal platforms.

Substrate selection requires consideration of degus' chewing and digging behaviors. Paper-based bedding works well, as do aspen shavings. Avoid cedar and pine shavings containing aromatic oils harmful to respiratory systems. Provide a depth of 2-3 inches allowing natural digging behaviors. Some owners use fleece liners over solid flooring for easy cleaning, though degus may chew fleece. A digging box filled with deeper substrate satisfies burrowing instincts - use a large ceramic or metal container they cannot tip.

Furnishings and enrichment are essential for degu wellbeing. Provide multiple levels connected by ramps, platforms, or ladders at various heights. Include branches for climbing and gnawing - safe wood types include apple, pear, willow, and kiln-dried pine. Avoid woods with high resin content. Tunnels made from ceramic, wood, or thick cardboard provide hiding spots and play opportunities. Running wheels designed for chinchillas (minimum 12-inch diameter with solid running surface) are essential as degus run extensively. Avoid mesh or wire wheels causing foot injuries.

Nest boxes or hideaways are important for security and sleeping. Provide at least one per degu plus extras. Wooden nest boxes, ceramic hideaways, or fabric tunnels all work, though degus will chew wooden and fabric items requiring replacement. Position hideaways at different levels giving degus choices. Fill with shredded paper or hay for nesting material. They typically sleep in groups, huddling together in preferred locations.

Dust bath containers are essential for coat maintenance and psychological wellbeing. Provide chinchilla dust in a large container (ceramic or glass to resist chewing) placed in the cage several times weekly. Remove after 15-20 minutes to prevent overuse and keep dust contained. Degus thoroughly enjoy dust bathing, rolling enthusiastically and coating themselves. This natural behavior keeps their coat clean and healthy while providing behavioral enrichment.

Food and water stations require appropriate positioning and equipment. Use heavy ceramic food dishes or attach bowls to cage walls preventing tipping. Provide separate dishes for different food types. Water bottles designed for small animals work reliably - use glass bottles to prevent chewing, and provide multiple bottles for colonies. Some owners prefer bowls, which should be heavy ceramic changed twice daily. Position feeding areas away from sleeping and bathroom corners.

Temperature control is important as degus are adapted to Mediterranean climate. They tolerate temperatures from 60-75°F comfortably but are sensitive to extremes. Temperatures above 80°F can cause heat stress, while sustained temperatures below 55°F cause discomfort. Maintain stable temperatures avoiding drafts and direct sunlight. Position cages away from windows, heating vents, and air conditioning vents. They prefer moderate humidity levels around 40-60%.

Lighting should respect their diurnal nature. Provide natural light cycles or 12-14 hours of light followed by 10-12 hours of darkness. Avoid continuous bright light or complete darkness, both of which disrupt natural rhythms. Position cages where they receive indirect natural light without direct sun exposure causing overheating. At night, darkness is appropriate as they sleep during this period.

Ensure bar spacing does not exceed 1/2 inch to prevent escapes and injuries. Avoid any wire flooring, which must be covered with solid platforms. Keep enclosures away from direct sunlight, drafts, and temperature extremes. Ensure all cage accessories are securely attached and unable to tip, as degus are active and will test everything. Remove any unsafe materials including toxic woods (cedar, pine, yew, oleander), plastic items they might ingest, and any small parts that could be swallowed causing intestinal blockages.

Degus are strict herbivores with specialized dietary needs most notably requiring complete elimination of sugars due to their natural predisposition to diabetes mellitus. This restriction is critical and non-negotiable - even small amounts of sugar cause serious health problems in degus. Their diet must consist of high-fiber, low-sugar foods mimicking the dried grasses, leaves, and seeds they consume in their native Chilean scrubland. Proper diet is essential for preventing diabetes, obesity, dental problems, and digestive issues.

The foundation of a degu diet should be unlimited access to high-quality grass hay. Timothy hay, orchard grass, meadow hay, or other grass hays should be available at all times, comprising approximately 80-90% of total intake. Hay provides essential fiber for digestive health, wears down constantly growing teeth, and occupies their time through natural foraging and chewing behaviors. Alfalfa hay is too rich and should only be offered occasionally or to young, growing degus due to higher calcium and protein content.

Commercial degu pellets or guinea pig pellets (without added sugars, fruits, or colored pieces) should comprise approximately 5-10% of the diet. Many guinea pig foods are suitable if they lack sugar and artificial additives. Dedicated degu pellets are increasingly available and formulated specifically for their needs. Avoid hamster, gerbil, or rat foods which typically contain seeds, grains, and sugars inappropriate for degus. Read ingredient labels carefully, avoiding anything listing sugars, molasses, fruits, or honey. Offer approximately 1-2 tablespoons of pellets per degu daily.

Fresh vegetables provide important nutrients and variety but must be selected carefully to avoid high-sugar options. Safe vegetables include leafy greens (romaine lettuce, kale, collards, parsley, cilantro), bell peppers, cucumber, celery, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots in very small amounts, and squash in small amounts. Offer vegetables daily in moderate portions - about 1 tablespoon of varied greens per degu. Introduce new vegetables gradually to prevent digestive upset. Wash all produce thoroughly and remove uneaten portions after a few hours.

Absolutely forbidden foods include all fruits (including dried fruits), sugary treats, yogurt drops, commercial treat products marketed for other rodents, nuts, seeds in excess, grains, bread, processed human foods, and anything containing sugar, honey, or molasses. These cause rapid blood sugar spikes leading to diabetes. Even "healthy" fruits like apples, berries, and grapes are inappropriate for degus despite being suitable for other rodents. This restriction surprises many new degu owners but is essential for their health.

Safe treats for training and bonding include small pieces of dried herbs (dandelion, chamomile, rose petals), tiny portions of appropriate vegetables, and occasional plain, unsweetened whole grain cereals like plain Cheerios or shredded wheat in tiny amounts. Commercial dried flower and herb mixes made for herbivorous rodents provide safe treat options. Treats should comprise less than 5% of total diet and be used sparingly to maintain food motivation for training.

Fresh water must be available at all times from clean bottles or bowls changed daily. Monitor water consumption as increased drinking can indicate diabetes or other health problems. Some owners offer herbal teas (unsweetened, cooled) occasionally for variety, though plain water should be the primary beverage. Avoid flavored waters, milk, or any beverages containing sugars.

Feeding schedule and presentation impacts behavior and health. Offer pellets once daily in the evening when degus are most active. Hay should be available continuously in racks or piles encouraging natural foraging. Vegetables can be scattered throughout the cage, hidden in toys, or offered by hand for bonding. This scatter feeding encourages natural foraging behaviors, provides mental stimulation, and extends feeding time. Avoid presenting all food in bowls, which promotes boredom and sedentary behavior.

Monitor body condition regularly as degus are prone to obesity in captivity. You should be able to feel ribs with gentle pressure but not see them prominently. Adjust portions based on individual metabolism and activity level. Young, growing degus may require slightly more food, while older or less active adults need restricted portions to prevent weight gain.

Degus have specific health concerns requiring knowledgeable veterinary care from exotic animal specialists experienced with small herbivorous rodents. Their natural predisposition to diabetes mellitus makes dietary management critical, and improper care quickly leads to serious health problems. Access to qualified exotic veterinarians is essential before acquiring degus, as emergency situations arise unexpectedly. With excellent husbandry including proper diet, spacious housing, and social companionship, degus can live 6-9 years as healthy, active pets.

Degus require specialized veterinary care and cannot be treated by veterinarians experienced only with dogs and cats. Finding qualified exotic veterinarians before acquiring degus is essential. Their unique health needs, particularly diabetes predisposition, require dedicated owner education and commitment. Pet insurance for exotic animals may help manage veterinary costs, though coverage for pre-existing conditions like diabetes may be limited. With proper diet, housing, and veterinary care, degus thrive as healthy, entertaining companions for appropriate owners.

Handling degus requires patience, gentleness, and respect for their natural wariness. Unlike domesticated rats who often seek handling, degus typically tolerate rather than actively enjoy being held, preferring to interact with humans on their own terms through play and exploration. Young degus handled consistently from 4-6 weeks old become most comfortable with human interaction, though even well-socialized adults remain somewhat skittish. Never grab or chase degus as this damages trust and reinforces fear.

Begin socialization by spending time near the cage talking softly, allowing degus to become accustomed to your presence, voice, and scent. Hand-feeding appropriate treats (small vegetable pieces or dried herbs) builds positive associations with your hands. Once degus willingly approach for treats, you can progress to letting them climb onto your hands voluntarily rather than being picked up. Many degus eventually enjoy sitting on laps or shoulders, though they remain alert and ready to flee if startled.

Proper handling technique involves confidence without being forceful. If you must pick up a degu, approach from the side or below rather than from above (which mimics predator attacks). Gently cup both hands around the body, supporting the chest with one hand and hindquarters with the other, keeping the degu close to your body. Never grab the tail except the base briefly if absolutely necessary to prevent escape - the tail skin can slip off if pulled, causing permanent injury. Hold sessions should be brief initially, gradually lengthening as the degu becomes comfortable.

Handling sessions should occur in safe, escape-proof environments. Many owners use bathrooms or small rooms where escaped degus can be safely recaptured. Remove anything dangerous including open toilets, small gaps where degus could become trapped, and toxic substances. Supervise constantly as degus are quick and can disappear into surprisingly small spaces. Some owners create "degu-proofed" play areas with barriers preventing access to dangerous areas.

Nail trimming is occasionally necessary if nails don't wear naturally on cage furnishings, though many degus maintain appropriate nail length through normal activity. If trimming is needed, use small animal nail clippers and trim only the clear tip avoiding the quick (visible pink area). Having two people helps - one gently restrains while the other quickly trims. Distraction with favorite vegetables makes the process easier. If degus become extremely stressed, complete only one or two nails per session.

Dust baths are essential for coat maintenance and should be offered 3-4 times weekly. Use chinchilla dust (not sand) in a large ceramic or glass container placed in the cage for 15-20 minutes. Degus enthusiastically roll and flip in dust, coating themselves thoroughly. This natural behavior keeps their coat clean, removes oils, and provides enrichment. Limit duration to prevent overuse and respiratory irritation from excessive dust exposure. Remove the container after bathing to keep the cage clean.

Never bathe degus in water as this strips natural oils, causes stress, and can lead to dangerous chilling. Water bathing is unnecessary and harmful. If a degu becomes contaminated with something sticky or toxic requiring removal, spot clean with slightly damp cloths and ensure they're completely dry in a warm environment before returning to their cage. Dust baths handle all normal grooming needs effectively.

Degus make excellent pets for dedicated owners willing to meet their specific dietary restrictions, social housing requirements, and space needs. They are particularly suitable for people who want active, intelligent, diurnal pets that are awake during normal daytime hours rather than keeping nocturnal schedules. However, prospective owners must understand that degus are not low-maintenance pets and require significant commitment throughout their 6-9 year lifespan. Careful consideration of all factors is essential before acquisition.

Legality should be verified before acquiring degus, as regulations vary by location. In the United States, they are legal in most states but prohibited in California and some other jurisdictions. Some states classify them as exotic animals requiring permits. Local municipalities may impose additional restrictions even where state laws permit ownership. Landlords and homeowners associations may prohibit exotic pets. Always research and comply with all applicable regulations to avoid legal consequences and potential animal confiscation.

Financial considerations extend beyond initial purchase price. Degus typically cost $25-$75 each from breeders or pet stores, with pairs or groups obviously multiplying costs. Initial setup including an appropriately sized cage, accessories, and supplies totals $200-$400. Ongoing monthly costs for hay, pellets, vegetables, bedding, and dust average $30-$50 for a pair. Veterinary care from exotic specialists can be expensive - wellness exams cost $50-$150, with emergencies potentially costing hundreds or thousands. This 6-9 year commitment requires stable finances and planning for unexpected medical expenses.

Degus are suitable for adults or families with older, responsible children who understand gentle handling and can respect the animals' needs. Children under 10 typically lack the patience for proper socialization and may handle too roughly or become frustrated with degus' natural skittishness. Degus are NOT appropriate first pets for young children. Their daytime activity makes them more suitable than nocturnal rodents for family interaction, but supervision remains essential during all child-pet interactions.

People seeking cuddly, affectionate lap pets should consider other species. While degus can become comfortable with their owners and display individual personalities, they are not typically cuddly and prefer active interaction to passive holding. Their intelligence and entertaining behaviors provide different rewards than physical affection. Appropriate owners appreciate their curiosity, activity, and social dynamics with cage mates rather than expecting dog-like or cat-like bonding.

The mandatory sugar-free diet is a significant consideration requiring discipline and education. Family members must understand that feeding "just one treat" of inappropriate food can trigger diabetes. Children especially must be trained never to share human food. Visiting guests should be informed to prevent well-meaning but harmful treat-giving. This dietary restriction is absolute and lifelong, requiring consistent household compliance.

Space requirements preclude small apartments or situations where large cages cannot be accommodated. The active nature and multiple levels needed mean quality degu housing is substantial. The cage should be positioned in living areas for socialization but away from televisions, loud music, and excessive traffic. Their moderate vocalizations suit apartments better than louder pets, though running wheels and climbing create some noise during daytime hours.