The Arabian's most distinctive feature is the refined, wedge-shaped head with a characteristically dished or concave facial profile. This dishing, created by a slightly concave area between the forehead and muzzle, varies from subtle to pronounced but remains a hallmark of breed type. The forehead is broad and prominent, creating a distinctive "jibbah" or bulge housing larger sinus cavities that some believe enhanced breathing efficiency in desert conditions. Eyes are large, dark, and prominently set, giving the characteristically expressive, intelligent appearance that defines Arabian beauty. Ears are small, refined, and mobile, often curved slightly inward at the tips.
The muzzle is small and refined with large, flexible nostrils expanding dramatically during exercise. The lower jaw and throatlatch are exceptionally clean and refined, creating the distinctive arched neck connection that defines Arabian elegance. The overall head expression conveys intelligence, alertness, and nobility, representing an ideal of equine beauty refined over millennia. Breed standards emphasize that while refinement is valued, heads should maintain functionality without extreme exaggeration that could compromise breathing or dental function.
The neck is perhaps the second most recognizable Arabian feature - naturally arched and set high on the shoulders, carried proudly erect. This natural arch, combined with the refined throatlatch, creates the characteristic Arabian profile visible even from distance. The neck flows smoothly into well-defined withers, though Arabians typically have less prominent withers than some breeds due to their unique skeletal structure. Mares and geldings show elegant neck carriage, while stallions develop more pronounced cresting though maintaining overall refinement.
Body conformation reflects the breed's desert heritage and endurance capabilities. The chest is deep providing ample heart and lung capacity relative to their smaller overall size, creating the stamina for which Arabians are legendary. The shoulder is long and well-sloped, allowing the free, efficient movement necessary for covering ground with minimal energy expenditure. The back is notably short and strong, created partly by having one fewer lumbar vertebra than most breeds (typically 5 rather than 6), contributing to strength and efficient movement.
The hindquarters are rounded and powerful relative to overall size, with a characteristically high tail carriage. The tail is set naturally high due to the shape of the croup, carried elevated and arched when the horse is moving with animation. This high tail carriage is distinctive and desirable, adding to the breed's floating, proud appearance when moving freely. The croup is relatively level to slightly rounded, differing from the more sloped croups of some breeds.
Limbs are refined but strong, showing clean, hard bone typically 7-8 inches of cannon bone circumference. The legs are straight and true with clearly defined tendons and ligaments, demonstrating quality without coarseness. Despite their refined appearance, Arabian legs are remarkably strong and durable, evolved to carry horses across endless desert miles without breaking down. Pasterns are moderate in length and slope, providing shock absorption without being so long they predispose to injury.
Standing 14.1 to 15.1 hands and weighing 800-1,000 pounds, Arabians are among the smaller horse breeds. However, their compact, efficient builds and relatively short backs make them capable of carrying substantial weight relative to their size. Many Arabians comfortably carry adult riders despite their height, as their strength-to-weight ratios and efficient movement compensate for their smaller stature. This moderate size creates horses that are manageable and economical to keep while remaining suitable for most riders.
Coat colors include gray, bay, chestnut, and black, with occasional roan. Gray is extremely common, with most gray horses born dark and progressively lightening throughout their lives until many become nearly white in their teens or twenties. The breed does not carry genes for pinto patterns, dilution colors like palomino or buckskin, or appaloosa spotting. White markings on face and legs are common and often extensive, with many horses showing large blazes and high stockings. The skin is notably thin and fine, showing darker pigmentation under white coat areas and requiring careful tack fitting to prevent rubbing.
Movement in Arabians is characterized by natural balance, suspension, and floating action. The trot shows natural suspension and brilliance, with the breed moving with apparent ease and lightness even during sustained effort. This efficient, ground-covering movement contributes significantly to their endurance capabilities, as they move with minimal wasted motion or energy. The canter is balanced and rhythmic, while the gallop demonstrates the stamina for which the breed is legendary, with horses capable of sustaining speeds that would exhaust other breeds.