Peacock Gudgeon
Specie Description

The Peacock Gudgeon is known by several common names in the aquarium hobby, with each reflecting different aspects of this beautiful species' appearance or taxonomic confusion. The most widely used name, Peacock Gudgeon, directly references the male's spectacular coloration that rivals the iridescent eye-spot patterns found on peacock feathers. This descriptive name emphasizes the stunning visual appeal that makes this species so desirable among aquarists worldwide. The vibrant blues, greens, and oranges displayed by healthy males create a peacock-like effect that inspired the common name.

Another frequently encountered name is Peacock Goby, which highlights perceived similarities to true gobies despite this species not being a genuine goby at all. This nomenclature confusion stems from the fish's bottom-dwelling behavior, body shape, and habit of perching on surfaces similar to actual goby species. However, gudgeons and gobies belong to entirely different families, making Peacock Goby technically incorrect though widely recognized and accepted in the aquarium trade. Many retailers use both names interchangeably on labels and price tags.

Certain references use Eye-Spot Gudgeon or Ocellated Gudgeon, emphasizing the distinctive eye-like spot present on the dorsal fin and sometimes near the tail. These ocelli or false eye spots may serve to confuse predators or play roles in courtship displays. While these names are descriptive and taxonomically informative, they appear less frequently than Peacock Gudgeon in common usage. Some specialized literature or scientific discussions prefer these more technical descriptive names.

Scientifically classified as Tateurndina ocellicauda, this species belongs to the family Eleotridae, which includes all gudgeons. Gudgeons are closely related to gobies but lack the fused pelvic fins that characterize true Gobiidae family members. The genus name Tateurndina is endemic to Papua New Guinea, containing only this single species making it monotypic. The species epithet ocellicauda combines Latin roots meaning "eye" and "tail," referencing the ocellus or eye-spot pattern visible near the caudal fin in many specimens.

The species was originally described by Nichols in 1955, making it relatively recent in terms of formal scientific documentation compared to many aquarium fish described in the 1800s. Since original description, taxonomic classification has remained stable without major revisions or reclassifications. The fish's limited geographic range and distinctive appearance make identification straightforward without confusion with similar species. Genetic studies have not revealed need for taxonomic changes, maintaining the original classification.

Regional naming variations exist across different countries and languages, though English-speaking aquarium communities predominantly use Peacock Gudgeon or Peacock Goby. German aquarists call them "Schwanzfleck-Schläfergrundel," which translates roughly to tail-spot sleeper goby, emphasizing both the eye spot and their gudgeon classification. Japanese hobbyists use "Pīkokku Gudjon" which phonetically approximates the English name. European markets may use local language translations of the peacock reference.

When purchasing specimens, aquarists should verify scientific names with retailers to ensure they're obtaining genuine Tateurndina ocellicauda rather than other gudgeon or goby species that may be similarly labeled. True Peacock Gudgeons display the characteristic iridescent blue-green body coloration and red-orange ventral fins that distinguish them from other small bottom-dwelling fish. Reputable sellers provide accurate species identification, though budget retailers sometimes mislabel similar fish. The species' popularity and distinctive appearance generally make identification relatively straightforward for informed buyers.

The Peacock Gudgeon displays some of the most spectacular coloration found among nano freshwater fish, featuring an iridescent body that shimmers with metallic blue-green hues under proper lighting. The base body color ranges from silvery-gray to pale blue-green, overlaid with an iridescent sheen that appears to glow when light strikes at certain angles. This metallic quality changes appearance depending on viewing angle, lighting conditions, and the fish's mood or health status, creating a dynamic visual effect that captivates observers. Males typically display more intense iridescence than females, particularly when in breeding condition.

The head region shows golden-yellow to pale orange coloration that transitions into the blue-green body, creating an attractive gradient effect. The eyes are large and prominent with bright orange to red irises that stand out dramatically against the lighter head coloration. This eye coloration intensifies in healthy, well-maintained specimens and provides an instant indicator of the fish's condition. The mouth is relatively small and positioned terminally, adapted for consuming small invertebrates and zooplankton.

Fin coloration provides striking contrast to the body, with ventral, anal, and pelvic fins displaying vibrant red-orange to yellow-orange coloration. This warm-toned fin coloration contrasts beautifully with the cool blue-green body. The dorsal fins feature similar warm coloration with distinctive dark edging that creates definition. The anterior dorsal fin typically shows a prominent ocellus or eye-spot, appearing as a dark spot ringed with lighter coloration. This false eye may serve to confuse predators or communicate with conspecifics. The posterior dorsal fin and caudal fin display vertical red-orange bands or spots creating attractive patterns.

The body shape is typical of gudgeons, being elongated and slightly compressed with a relatively cylindrical profile. Adult Peacock Gudgeons reach modest sizes of 2 to 2.5 inches in total length, with males occasionally growing slightly larger than females. This small size makes them perfect inhabitants for nano aquariums and planted tanks where larger fish would overwhelm the aquascape. Their compact dimensions allow keeping multiple specimens in modest tank volumes.

Sexual dimorphism becomes apparent in mature specimens. Males develop more pointed dorsal and anal fins with extended fin rays, while females maintain more rounded fin profiles. Males display more intense coloration overall, particularly the iridescent body sheen and vibrant fin colors. Females show fuller, rounder body profiles, especially when gravid with developing eggs. The genital papilla visible near the anal fin differs between sexes, with males showing a pointed structure and females displaying a broader, more rounded papilla. Behavioral observation during spawning provides definitive sex identification.

Juvenile Peacock Gudgeons display muted versions of adult coloration with less pronounced iridescence and paler fin colors. As they mature over several months, coloration intensifies progressively. Young fish under one inch can be difficult to sex reliably, with clear sexual dimorphism developing around breeding maturity at 5-7 months of age. Growth rates vary depending on feeding intensity and water quality, with well-fed specimens in optimal conditions developing fastest.

Healthy specimens maintain vibrant coloration with strong iridescence, clear eyes without cloudiness, smooth body surfaces without lesions, intact fins without tears or erosion, and active interest in their surroundings. The fish display characteristic gudgeon behaviors including perching on surfaces using modified pelvic fins, hovering near substrate, and investigating caves and crevices. Stressed specimens may show faded colors, clamped fins held close to the body, rapid breathing, or excessive hiding. The intensity of coloration serves as an excellent health indicator, with vibrant colors indicating optimal conditions and washed-out appearance suggesting problems requiring attention.

Peacock Gudgeons inhabit a limited geographic range restricted entirely to the island of New Guinea, specifically eastern Papua New Guinea where they occur in lowland freshwater systems. Their natural distribution includes various small streams, tributaries, and associated wetland areas in the southeastern portion of the island. This restricted endemic range makes them one of relatively few aquarium species found nowhere else on Earth, emphasizing the importance of sustainable collection practices and successful captive breeding to reduce pressure on wild populations.

Within their limited range, Peacock Gudgeons occupy specific habitat types characterized by slow-moving or nearly stagnant waters with dense aquatic vegetation. They're most commonly found in small streams, swampy areas, oxbow lakes, and vegetated pools connected to larger river systems. These habitats feature gentle to negligible current, allowing the fish to conserve energy while foraging along substrates. The water is typically warm, soft, and slightly acidic to neutral, stained brown from dissolved tannins leached from abundant leaf litter and submerged wood.

The substrate in their natural habitat consists primarily of fine mud, silt, and accumulated organic debris including leaf litter, fallen branches, and decomposing plant material. This detritus-rich bottom provides foraging opportunities and creates complex microhabitats. Aquatic vegetation grows densely in these environments, with various species of aquatic plants, emergent vegetation, and overhanging terrestrial plants creating shaded areas. Submerged roots, fallen logs, and accumulated debris provide numerous hiding spots and territorial boundaries.

Water conditions in their native habitat show considerable variation but generally include temperatures ranging from 75-82°F throughout most of the year, with tropical Papua New Guinea experiencing minimal seasonal temperature variation. The water is typically soft with low mineral content, reflecting the lack of limestone or mineral-rich geology in their lowland habitat. The pH ranges from slightly acidic to neutral, approximately 6.5-7.5, though variations occur depending on specific location and recent rainfall. Dissolved oxygen levels vary from moderate to high depending on vegetation photosynthesis and organic decay rates.

Water clarity in Peacock Gudgeon habitats ranges from clear in flowing sections to tea-colored or slightly turbid in stagnant pools with heavy tannin staining and suspended organic particles. They adapt to various clarity levels, not requiring crystal-clear water to thrive. The dense vegetation and surface cover create dimly lit underwater environments even during bright tropical days. This shaded environment may explain their tolerance for moderate lighting in aquariums and their preference for planted tanks with visual barriers.

Feeding behavior in nature involves hunting small invertebrates including aquatic insect larvae, tiny crustaceans, worms, and zooplankton found in the substrate and among vegetation. They use their excellent eyesight to spot prey movement, then quickly capture items with precise strikes. The abundant invertebrate life in their detritus-rich habitat provides consistent food availability. They likely also consume algae and organic aufwuchs growing on surfaces, supplementing their primarily carnivorous diet.

Social behavior in wild populations includes both solitary individuals and loose aggregations in areas with optimal habitat conditions. Males establish small territories around preferred caves or cavities beneath roots and debris where spawning occurs. Territories are defended against other males but multiple males may inhabit close proximity in resource-rich areas with sufficient hiding spots. Females move between male territories, inspecting potential spawning sites before choosing mates.

Reproductive behavior in nature follows cave-spawning patterns typical of gudgeons and many goby species. Males prepare nest sites by cleaning interior surfaces of small caves or cavities. Females deposit adhesive eggs on cave ceilings or walls, with males providing parental care including guarding eggs and fanning them to maintain water circulation. The warm tropical temperatures accelerate development, with eggs hatching in several days. Larvae likely drift or remain hidden in vegetation while developing, feeding on microscopic organisms.

Seasonal variations in their habitat include wet and dry seasons affecting water levels, though Papua New Guinea's tropical location near the equator results in year-round warm temperatures. Wet season flooding may expand available habitat and trigger breeding activity, while dry season concentration into smaller pools increases population density. However, the species breeds throughout the year in aquariums, suggesting breeding isn't strictly tied to seasonal cues.

Conservation status for Peacock Gudgeons has not been formally assessed by IUCN, though their restricted range and specific habitat requirements make them potentially vulnerable to habitat degradation. Lowland freshwater systems in Papua New Guinea face threats from agricultural development, logging, pollution, and water extraction. Fortunately, successful captive breeding in the aquarium hobby has created self-sustaining populations reducing need for wild collection. Most Peacock Gudgeons available to aquarists today are captive-bred, representing a conservation success story. Continued captive breeding efforts and habitat protection in Papua New Guinea will ensure this species remains available to future generations while protecting wild populations.

Peacock Gudgeons rank among the most peaceful and non-aggressive freshwater fish available in the aquarium hobby, displaying gentle temperaments that make them ideal community tank inhabitants compatible with virtually all peaceful species. Their docile nature combined with small size and beautiful coloration creates the perfect nano fish for planted community aquariums housing delicate species, dwarf shrimp, and small schooling fish that would be threatened by more aggressive inhabitants. Understanding their behavioral patterns ensures successful integration into appropriate aquarium communities.

Territorial behavior in Peacock Gudgeons is minimal and rarely problematic, with males establishing small territories centered around preferred caves or hiding spots primarily during breeding periods. These territories rarely exceed a few inches in diameter and are defended only against other male Peacock Gudgeons approaching too closely. Defense involves displaying with fins spread and swimming toward intruders, occasionally resulting in brief face-to-face confrontations where males assess each other. Physical contact is rare and injuries from intraspecific aggression are virtually unknown. Females are not targeted and move freely between male territories without harassment.

Intraspecific relationships vary depending on sex ratios and available space. Single males coexist peacefully in tanks providing adequate hiding spots and visual barriers through plants and decorations. In smaller bare tanks, dominant males may persistently chase subordinates, creating stress. However, this rarely causes serious harm and usually resolves once territories are established. Multiple females coexist without any aggression or hierarchy formation. Pairs form naturally when males and females are kept together, with bonded pairs often spawning regularly without disturbing other tank inhabitants.

Interspecific interactions demonstrate the species' peaceful nature, with Peacock Gudgeons showing zero aggression toward other species regardless of size, shape, or behavior. They completely ignore schooling fish, other bottom-dwellers, surface fish, and even territorial species that might defend areas near gudgeon territories. Their passive acceptance of other species makes them model community fish. They never nip fins, chase, or harass any tank mates, making them safe with even the most delicate long-finned species.

Feeding behavior reveals their only potential vulnerability, as their relatively slow, deliberate feeding style can be problematic in tanks with aggressive feeders that consume all food before gudgeons get adequate nutrition. Fast-moving tetras, active barbs, or aggressive cichlids may outcompete Peacock Gudgeons during feeding times. Target feeding near their territories or feeding after lights dim when more active species are less competitive helps ensure adequate nutrition. In tanks with appropriate peaceful species, feeding competition is minimal.

Activity patterns show these are not highly active swimmers, instead spending much time perched on surfaces including substrate, plant leaves, driftwood, and decorations. They use modified pelvic fins to grip surfaces, remaining motionless while observing their surroundings. Movement occurs in short bursts as they swim to new perching locations, investigate potential food sources, or interact with conspecifics. This sedentary lifestyle means they don't require large swimming spaces and thrive in smaller aquariums where constantly active species would feel confined.

Curiosity and intelligence characterize their interactions with their environment. They actively investigate new decorations, plants, or objects added to tanks. They learn to recognize feeding times and may emerge from hiding when aquarists approach. However, they remain somewhat shy compared to boldly interactive species, maintaining wariness and quickly retreating if movements are too sudden or threatening. Gradual movements and patience allow them to become comfortable over time.

Stress responses include color fading, excessive hiding, clamped fins, and rapid breathing. However, they're relatively hardy regarding stress tolerance and recover quickly once stressors are removed. Newly introduced specimens may hide extensively for several days before gradually becoming more visible as they acclimate to new surroundings. Providing numerous hiding spots, caves, and planted areas helps reduce acclimation stress.

Nighttime behavior involves seeking secure hiding spots including caves, dense plants, or spaces beneath driftwood where they rest until morning. They're not strictly nocturnal but may become slightly more active during evening hours compared to bright midday periods. Dim lighting or heavily planted tanks with subdued light levels often result in more visible activity throughout the day.

Despite their peaceful nature, Peacock Gudgeons should not be housed with large predatory fish that might view them as prey items. Species like Oscars, large cichlids, or aggressive catfish would either consume them or create constant stress through intimidation. They're also too slow to compete successfully with hyperactive species in smaller tanks. Their ideal companions are other peaceful nano fish, small schooling species, peaceful dwarf cichlids, small peaceful catfish, and all invertebrates. With appropriate tank mates and proper environment, Peacock Gudgeons display their full range of interesting behaviors without stress or conflict.

Peacock Gudgeons can thrive in relatively small aquarium systems due to their nano size and modest bioload, with minimum tank sizes of 10 gallons suitable for small groups of 4-6 individuals. However, 15-20 gallon tanks provide more stable water parameters, additional territory space for males, and better long-term success. Larger tanks of 30+ gallons are ideal for community setups housing multiple species or larger groups, as increased volume offers more stable chemistry and reduces territorial disputes. Their small size and bottom-dwelling behavior make them perfect inhabitants for nano aquariums and desktop tanks where larger fish would be inappropriate.

Tank dimensions are flexible, though longer tanks provide more bottom space than tall narrow designs since these are substrate-oriented fish that don't utilize upper water column extensively. Standard rectangular tanks work excellently, providing adequate floor space for territorial males to establish separate areas. The key consideration is maximizing usable bottom territory through appropriate aquascaping rather than vertical height they rarely use. Width and length matter more than height for bottom-dwelling species.

Filtration requirements are moderate, with quality hang-on-back filters, sponge filters, or small canister filters providing adequate mechanical and biological filtration for appropriately stocked gudgeon tanks. Gentle filtration is preferable to powerful systems creating strong currents that stress these fish adapted to slow-moving waters. Sponge filters work particularly well, providing biological filtration while creating minimal flow and protecting any fry if breeding occurs. Output from filters should be baffled or directed against glass to reduce direct current. Water circulation of 3-5 times tank volume per hour provides adequate turnover without excessive turbulence.

Substrate choice significantly impacts tank aesthetics and fish behavior. Fine sand or very fine gravel creates natural-looking substrate these fish frequently rest upon. Dark-colored substrates enhance their coloration by providing contrast and reducing stress from bright reflective surfaces. Sand allows planting aquatic plants and provides the most natural appearance mimicking their silty native habitat. Bare-bottom tanks are unsuitable aesthetically and functionally, lacking the natural substrate these bottom-dwellers expect. Substrate depth of 1-2 inches allows root growth for plants while providing sufficient depth for natural appearance.

Aquascaping for Peacock Gudgeon systems should emphasize creating numerous caves, hiding spots, and visual barriers that allow males to establish territories without constant confrontation. Small caves created from ceramic breeding caves, PVC pipe sections, coconut shells, or rock formations provide essential spawning sites and security. Each male should have access to at least one cave if breeding is desired. Driftwood arranged to create overhangs, tunnels, and hiding spots adds interest while providing territory structure. The wood also releases beneficial tannins that recreate the tea-colored water of their natural habitat.

Planting is highly recommended for Peacock Gudgeon tanks, with dense vegetation providing security, visual barriers, and natural aesthetics. Robust easy plants like Java Fern, Anubias species, Java Moss, and various Cryptocoryne species thrive in the moderate lighting appropriate for these fish. Floating plants like Water Sprite or Frogbit dim lighting and provide security. Stem plants like Rotala or Ludwigia create backgrounds and territory divisions. Plants should be arranged to create densely planted areas alternating with open swimming spaces. The fish appreciate heavily planted tanks with subdued lighting more than sparse bright setups.

Decorations beyond caves and plants can include smooth river rocks, additional driftwood pieces, and dried botanicals like Indian almond leaves or oak leaves that release tannins while providing natural appearance. Avoid sharp or rough decorations that might damage their delicate fins. Natural arrangements mimicking overgrown stream habitats suit their needs better than artificial decorations, though quality artificial plants work if living plants aren't feasible.

Lighting requirements are low to moderate, as these fish inhabit shaded environments naturally. Standard aquarium LED lighting or fluorescent fixtures providing enough light for low-light plants works perfectly. Intense lighting can stress them and promote excessive algae growth. Dimmer lighting or heavy surface plant coverage creating dappled light conditions replicates their native shaded streams. Duration of 8-10 hours daily provides adequate photoperiod for plants without excessive algae promotion.

Equipment essentials include reliable heaters maintaining stable temperatures 72-79°F, with adjustable thermostats preventing fluctuations. Small heaters rated for tank volume work well. Quality thermometers monitor actual water temperature accurately. Aquarium lids or glass canopies prevent evaporation and potential jumping during acclimation stress or spawning activities. Air pumps powering sponge filters provide both filtration and gentle water movement.

Additional beneficial equipment includes automatic feeders for consistent feeding schedules when owners travel, though target feeding is often necessary. Test kits for ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, and general hardness enable parameter monitoring. Indian almond leaves or other botanical additives recreate natural tannin-stained water conditions. Small turkey basters or feeding syringes allow target feeding near their territories ensuring they receive adequate nutrition in community settings. With proper setup emphasizing caves, planted areas, gentle flow, and stable conditions, Peacock Gudgeons thrive and display natural behaviors including territorial displays and breeding activities.

Peacock Gudgeons require tropical freshwater parameters replicating their native Papua New Guinea habitat, though they demonstrate reasonable tolerance for variation making them adaptable to diverse aquarium conditions. Their hardy nature allows survival across wider parameter ranges than very sensitive species, though optimal conditions promote best health, coloration, and breeding success. Temperature should be maintained between 72-79°F, with 75-77°F representing the ideal range for most aquariums. They tolerate temperatures slightly outside this range temporarily but prolonged exposure to extremes causes stress. Stability is more important than exact temperature, with fluctuations minimized through quality heaters and appropriate heater sizing. Sudden temperature swings stress fish and compromise immune function.

PH requirements are flexible, with Peacock Gudgeons adapting to ranges from 6.5-8.0, making them compatible with both soft acidic setups and moderately hard alkaline systems. Ideal pH sits around 6.8-7.5, neutral to slightly acidic mimicking their native soft-water habitat. However, their adaptability to higher pH makes them suitable for community tanks housing species preferring alkaline conditions. pH stability is more critical than exact value, with sudden swings causing more stress than gradual changes. Most dechlorinated tap water falls within acceptable ranges, though testing confirms suitability before introducing fish.

Water hardness shows similar flexibility, with these fish adapting to soft to moderately hard water. General hardness (GH) of 5-12 dGH and carbonate hardness (KH) of 3-8 dKH work well, though they survive outside these ranges. Soft acidic water with lower hardness replicates their native conditions and may promote better breeding success. However, their adaptability means they thrive in average tap water without extensive modification. Using peat moss, driftwood, or Indian almond leaves naturally softens water and adds beneficial tannins.

Ammonia and nitrite must remain at zero in established cycled aquariums, as these compounds are toxic to all fish including relatively hardy gudgeons. New tanks require complete nitrogen cycle establishment before adding fish, typically taking 4-6 weeks using traditional cycling methods or 1-2 weeks with established filter media and bacterial supplements. Any detectable ammonia or nitrite indicates cycling isn't complete or filtration problems requiring immediate attention through water changes and investigation. Nitrate should be maintained below 20 ppm through regular water changes, with levels of 5-10 ppm ideal. While Peacock Gudgeons tolerate higher nitrates than very sensitive species, lower levels promote better health and coloration.

Dissolved oxygen levels should remain adequate through proper filtration and surface agitation. These fish aren't particularly oxygen-demanding but benefit from well-oxygenated water. Gentle aeration through sponge filters or air stones provides sufficient oxygenation without creating strong currents. Plants contribute oxygen during daylight through photosynthesis while consuming some overnight. Temperature affects oxygen solubility, with cooler water holding more oxygen, though tank temperatures should remain in appropriate range regardless.

Water changes form the foundation of parameter stability and long-term success. Weekly changes of 25-30% remove accumulated dissolved organic compounds, replenish minerals, and dilute nitrates. Larger changes of 40-50% work well if water parameters closely match tank water. Smaller more frequent changes provide maximum stability. Replacement water should be dechlorinated, temperature-matched within 2-3°F, and ideally aged 24 hours allowing chlorine to dissipate and dissolved gases to equilibrate. Sudden large parameter shifts stress fish even when changing to better quality water.

The nitrogen cycle must be fully established before introducing Peacock Gudgeons. Fishless cycling using ammonia sources, seeding with established filter media, and monitoring parameters confirms readiness. Introducing fish to uncycled tanks exposes them to toxic ammonia and nitrite causing stress, disease susceptibility, and potential death. Beneficial bacteria populations in biological filter media convert toxic ammonia to nitrite then to relatively harmless nitrate. This process takes time but is essential for successful fishkeeping.

Acclimation procedures when introducing new Peacock Gudgeons require patience to prevent shock from parameter differences. Drip acclimation over 1-2 hours gradually adjusts fish to new water chemistry. Float sealed bags for 15 minutes to temperature-equilibrate, then begin slow drip from display tank into acclimation container. For sensitive specimens or significant parameter differences, extend acclimation to 3-4 hours. Proper acclimation reduces stress and disease susceptibility during the vulnerable introduction period.

Botanical additions including Indian almond leaves, oak leaves, or alder cones naturally lower pH, soften water, and release beneficial tannins creating tea-colored water similar to their native habitat. These botanicals also have mild antibacterial and antifungal properties potentially improving health. The tannin-stained water provides psychological security and may intensify colors. However, heavy tannin staining is not required as gudgeons adapt to clear water.

Seasonal variations are minimal in Papua New Guinea's tropical climate, so maintaining consistent year-round parameters works well. Some breeders report that slight temperature increases or parameter variations may trigger spawning, mimicking rainy season conditions, though gudgeons breed regularly without seasonal manipulation. Regular testing using reliable test kits enables early detection of parameter drift before problems develop. Testing weekly for ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and pH provides adequate monitoring for established tanks. More frequent testing benefits new systems or when troubleshooting issues. Maintaining stable optimal conditions within Peacock Gudgeons' preferred ranges ensures vibrant coloration, active behavior, optimal health, and encourages breeding in established pairs.

Peacock Gudgeons are generally hardy fish when maintained in appropriate conditions, though they can be susceptible to common freshwater diseases that affect most aquarium fish when water quality deteriorates or stress compromises their immune systems.

Maximizing their health and lifespan requires commitment to excellent water quality through regular maintenance, stress-free peaceful environments with adequate hiding spots, nutritious varied diet emphasizing meaty foods, and vigilant observation for early disease detection allowing intervention before minor issues become serious problems threatening their survival.

In their natural Papua New Guinea habitat, Peacock Gudgeons are carnivorous micropredators that feed primarily on small aquatic invertebrates found in substrate and among vegetation. Their diet in the wild consists predominantly of aquatic insect larvae including midge larvae, mosquito larvae, and other small dipteran larvae abundant in their slow-moving vegetated waters. They also consume tiny crustaceans like copepods, ostracods, and small amphipods, along with various aquatic worms and other minute invertebrates inhabiting the detritus-rich bottom. Their excellent eyesight allows them to spot tiny moving prey against substrates, striking with precision to capture individual organisms. This specialized carnivorous diet in nature should guide captive feeding strategies for optimal health.

Captive diet recommendations for Peacock Gudgeons should emphasize small meaty foods matching their carnivorous preferences and small mouth size. Live foods represent the gold standard for gudgeon nutrition, with live blackworms (California blackworms) ranking among the very best options. These slender worms are appropriately sized, highly nutritious, and eagerly consumed. Live blackworms can be cultured easily or purchased from quality fish stores. Live daphnia provide excellent nutrition and stimulate natural hunting behaviors. Live baby brine shrimp work well for juveniles and adults alike. Live grindal worms offer appropriate sizing and high protein content. Establishing live food cultures ensures consistent availability though requires commitment.

Frozen foods provide practical alternatives to live foods while maintaining excellent nutritional value. Frozen bloodworms rank among the most popular and readily available options, eagerly accepted by most gudgeons once they learn to recognize them as food. Frozen brine shrimp provides convenience though less nutrition than bloodworms or mysis. Frozen daphnia, cyclops, and mixed zooplankton preparations offer variety. Frozen tubifex worms work well though should be sourced from reputable suppliers to avoid contamination risk. Always thaw frozen foods in tank water before feeding, and rinse to remove excess nutrients that degrade water quality.

Quality micro-pellets formulated for small carnivorous fish can form part of the diet once gudgeons are trained to accept them. However, many individuals show reluctance toward prepared foods initially, requiring patience and gradual introduction. Sinking micro-pellets designed for bettas, small cichlids, or carnivorous fish provide appropriate size and nutrition. Slowly sinking varieties allow gudgeons to intercept food in the water column before it settles. High-protein formulations with minimal fillers provide best nutrition. Soaking pellets in garlic juice or vitamin supplements may increase acceptance. Some gudgeons readily accept pellets while others refuse persistently, requiring continued live or frozen feeding.

Flake foods are generally less suitable for Peacock Gudgeons due to their bottom-feeding habits and preference for meaty foods. However, sinking carnivore flakes designed for bottom feeders may be accepted. Flakes should contain high protein content and minimal plant matter. Crushing flakes into smaller pieces suits their small mouths. Most experienced gudgeon keepers consider flakes supplementary at best, relying primarily on live and frozen options.

Freeze-dried foods including freeze-dried bloodworms, tubifex, or brine shrimp provide shelf-stable alternatives though nutritional quality varies by processing. Rehydrating freeze-dried foods before feeding prevents potential bloating. These work as occasional variety but shouldn't constitute the primary diet. Fresh foods are superior nutritionally.

Feeding frequency should be 1-2 times daily in moderate portions for adults, with juveniles benefiting from 2-3 smaller feedings daily supporting rapid growth. Feed only amounts consumed within 2-3 minutes to prevent water quality degradation from uneaten food. Their relatively slow, methodical feeding style means they may be outcompeted in busy community tanks, requiring target feeding near their territories. Using feeding pipettes or turkey basters to deliver food directly in front of caves or favorite perching spots ensures adequate nutrition.

Feeding behavior reveals their hunting strategy, with gudgeons watching carefully for movement before striking at individual prey items. They prefer capturing food from substrate or slightly above it rather than chasing rapidly through the water column. Sinking foods suit their behavior better than floating options. They're not aggressive feeders, taking time to locate and consume food methodically. This deliberate approach can be problematic with fast-moving tank mates like active tetras or barbs.

Special dietary considerations include vitamin supplementation supporting immune function and coloration. Soaking frozen foods in liquid vitamin supplements before feeding enhances nutritional value. Vitamin C supports immune health while vitamin A maintains pigmentation and eye health. Varied diet prevents deficiencies that no single food provides complete protection against. Color-enhancing foods containing carotenoids like astaxanthin may intensify their natural coloration, particularly the orange-red fin coloration.

Conditioning foods for breeding include heavy feeding with live blackworms, live daphnia, and vitamin-enriched frozen bloodworms. Well-fed pairs with optimal body condition spawn more reliably and produce healthier eggs and fry. Females require substantial nutrition to develop eggs. Males need energy for territory defense and egg care. Feeding 2-3 times daily with high-quality foods conditions pairs for spawning.

Foods to avoid include large food items they cannot swallow, as their mouths are quite small. Foods designed for large fish prove too large even when broken apart. Avoid excessive feeding of tubifex worms which may carry disease risk if from questionable sources. Plant-based foods provide minimal nutrition for these carnivores. Overfeeding any food type degrades water quality through waste accumulation and uneaten food decomposition.

Signs of proper nutrition include good body condition with rounded belly without being bloated, vibrant coloration with strong iridescence and bright fin colors, active interest in surroundings, and eager response during feeding times. Well-fed gudgeons display healthy growth rates and breeding readiness. Inadequate nutrition manifests as thin body with sunken belly, faded colors, lethargy, hiding constantly, and lack of interest in food. However, providing quality meaty foods ensures excellent nutrition, as their carnivorous diet is straightforward to meet with appropriate food choices and feeding strategies that account for their deliberate feeding style.

Peacock Gudgeons are ideal community fish compatible with virtually all peaceful small species, making them perfect inhabitants for planted community aquariums housing diverse life forms from fish to invertebrates. Their extremely peaceful nature, small size, and bottom-dwelling habits allow successful coexistence with numerous species occupying different ecological niches. Successful tank mate selection focuses on choosing similarly peaceful species that won't outcompete gudgeons during feeding or create stress through aggressive behavior.

Highly compatible tank mates include small peaceful schooling fish like neon tetras, cardinal tetras, ember tetras, and various rasbora species including chili rasboras, harlequin rasboras, and lambchop rasboras. These mid-water schooling species occupy different tank regions than bottom-dwelling gudgeons while sharing peaceful temperaments. Small peaceful barbs like cherry barbs work well if not overly boisterous. Pencilfish and hatchetfish make excellent upper-level companions. Small rainbowfish like threadfin rainbows or forktail rainbows add activity without aggression.

Other bottom-dwelling species that coexist successfully include small peaceful corydoras catfish like pygmy corydoras, panda corydoras, or habrosus corydoras. These occupy similar territory but different ecological niches, with corydoras being active substrate sifters while gudgeons perch and watch. Kuhli loaches work well, hiding during day and emerging at night with minimal territorial overlap. Small peaceful plecos like clown plecos or bristlenose plecos are compatible though should be provided separate caves to avoid spawning site competition.

Dwarf cichlids including Apistogramma species, German blue rams, or Bolivian rams can work in larger tanks providing adequate territory for each species. However, these cichlids may compete for caves during breeding periods, requiring careful monitoring. More aggressive cichlids are incompatible. Gourami species require consideration, with peaceful species like honey gouramis or sparkling gouramis working while more territorial species like pearl gouramis may intimidate gudgeons.

Invertebrate compatibility is excellent, with Peacock Gudgeons coexisting perfectly with all freshwater shrimp including cherry shrimp, Amano shrimp, bamboo shrimp, and various other ornamental shrimp. They're too small and peaceful to prey on adult shrimp, though they may consume occasional shrimplets. All snails from nerites to mystery snails to Malaysian trumpet snails coexist without issues. They ignore all ornamental invertebrates completely.

Incompatible species include large predatory fish that might view small gudgeons as prey, including oscars, large cichlids, arowanas, or aggressive catfish. Fast aggressive feeders like most barbs, rainbow sharks, or red tail sharks outcompete them for food and may harass them. Fin-nipping species like some tetras or barbs might target their flowing fins. Large boisterous fish create stress through their activity level alone.

Ideal community structure for Peacock Gudgeon tanks includes them as bottom-level centerpiece fish with peaceful schooling fish in mid-water, surface fish like hatchetfish at top, and compatible invertebrates throughout. Tank size of 20+ gallons allows multiple species while maintaining stable parameters. Heavily planted tanks with numerous hiding spots reduce any territorial disputes.

Breeding Peacock Gudgeons in captivity is achievable for aquarists with moderate experience and proper preparation, as this species spawns relatively readily when provided appropriate conditions including caves, quality foods, and stable parameters. Unlike many freshwater fish requiring special breeding setups, gudgeons often spawn in community tanks though raising fry proves challenging without dedicated breeding arrangements. All Peacock Gudgeons are sexually dimorphic, with males displaying more intense coloration, more pointed fins, and territorial behavior while females show fuller bodies and rounder fins.

Spawning behavior begins with males claiming caves, cleaning interior surfaces thoroughly in preparation for eggs. Males intensify coloration and perform courtship displays including fin spreading, quivering movements, and attempting to lead receptive females into caves. Interested females inspect multiple male territories before choosing spawning partners. Spawning occurs inside caves with females depositing 40-100 adhesive eggs on cave ceiling or walls. Males immediately begin parental care, remaining inside caves guarding eggs and fanning them constantly with pectoral fins to maintain circulation and prevent fungus.

Egg development takes 5-7 days depending on temperature, with warmer temperatures accelerating development. Males continue dedicated care throughout this period, rarely leaving caves even to feed. Hatched fry remain attached to cave surfaces initially, absorbing yolk sacs before becoming free-swimming several days later. Males may continue guarding newly free-swimming fry briefly before they disperse.

Raising fry presents the primary challenge, as newly free-swimming gudgeon larvae are tiny with correspondingly tiny mouths requiring microscopic foods. Infusoria or commercial liquid fry foods work for first several days. Paramecium cultures provide ideal first food. After 3-5 days, fry can consume newly hatched baby brine shrimp, which promotes rapid growth. Microworms provide alternative food though are less nutritious than baby brine shrimp. Commercial powdered fry foods designed for egg layers can supplement live foods.

Dedicated breeding tanks of 10-15 gallons allow better fry survival than community tanks where other fish consume fry or outcompete them for food. Breeding tanks should include multiple caves, gentle sponge filtration preventing fry from being sucked into filters, and minimal lighting. Java moss or spawning mops provide additional security for fry. Water parameters should match those promoting adult health. Temperature around 77-78°F accelerates development.

Selective breeding has produced several color varieties including "electric blue" strains with enhanced iridescence though wild-type coloration remains most common. Continued selective breeding may produce additional color morphs in the future as this species' popularity grows.

Successful breeding requires quality conditioning foods including live blackworms and frozen bloodworms fed heavily to both sexes for 2-3 weeks before spawning. Well-conditioned pairs spawn regularly, potentially every 2-3 weeks. Multiple spawns allow practice and increase overall fry numbers. With dedication, proper foods, and appropriate setup, breeding Peacock Gudgeons provides rewarding experience for aquarists interested in reproduction projects that are achievable yet challenging enough to be satisfying.