Toulouse Gray Goose
Breed Description

The Toulouse Goose takes its name from the city of Toulouse in southwestern France, where the breed was developed over centuries from wild Greylag Geese (Anser anser). The breed became renowned throughout France and Europe by the 1800s for its exceptional size and meat quality, particularly valued for foie gras production. French farmers around Toulouse selected for the largest, heaviest birds with the most substantial frames, creating one of the world's heaviest domestic goose breeds through generations of careful breeding.

The breed is sometimes called the Toulouse Gray Goose or French Toulouse to distinguish it from other gray goose breeds. Within the Toulouse breed, two distinct types exist: production Toulouse and exhibition (or Dewlap) Toulouse. Production Toulouse are moderately large birds (18-25 pounds) with clean, streamlined bodies suitable for practical farm use, good fertility, and active lifestyles. Exhibition Toulouse are extremely large (often 30+ pounds), possess prominent dewlaps (loose skin folds under the chin and belly), massive keels, and impressive size but have reduced fertility, limited mobility, and are kept primarily for showing rather than production.

The American Poultry Association recognized the Toulouse Goose in the first Standard of Perfection in 1874, acknowledging its importance to American waterfowl production. However, the standard describes the massive exhibition type, leading to some confusion about what constitutes a "true" Toulouse. Today, most farm and homestead Toulouse are production types valued for practical meat and egg production, while exhibition strains remain popular at poultry shows where their impressive size and dewlaps create dramatic visual impact.

Regardless of type, Toulouse Geese maintain their characteristic gray plumage, calm temperament, and substantial size that has made them favorites among waterfowl keepers for over two centuries. The Livestock Conservancy monitors Toulouse populations as their numbers have declined with the reduction in small-scale waterfowl farming, though they remain more common than truly rare goose breeds.

Toulouse Geese display beautiful medium to dark gray plumage covering their backs, necks, and wings, creating an attractive, uniform appearance. Their breast and belly feathers are lighter gray to nearly white, providing subtle contrast against the darker back and wing coloring. The plumage has a smooth, sleek appearance without excessive fluffiness, though it's dense enough to provide excellent weather protection. Adult birds show consistent coloring without the dramatic patterns seen in breeds like Pilgrims or Sebastopols.

Production Toulouse geese are large, substantial birds with females weighing 18-22 pounds and males (ganders) reaching 26-30 pounds at maturity. They possess deep, broad bodies with well-developed breasts, long backs, and powerful legs set moderately wide apart to support their weight. Their bodies are held at a slight upward angle with the keel (breastbone) positioned just clear of the ground when standing. This moderate body type allows normal walking, mating, and active behavior while maintaining impressive size.

Exhibition Toulouse are dramatically larger and more extreme in conformation. Ganders can exceed 35 pounds, with exceptional individuals reaching 40+ pounds. They display prominent dewlaps—loose folds of skin hanging beneath the chin and extending down the neck and belly—and massive keels that nearly touch the ground. Their abdomens are very deep and pendulous, creating an almost dragging appearance. While visually impressive, this extreme conformation limits mobility, reduces fertility, and creates management challenges inappropriate for most small farms.

Both types possess medium-length necks that are thick and powerful, orange legs and feet equipped with webbing for swimming, and orange bills. Their eyes are dark brown or nearly black. Adult Toulouse lack the distinctive knob on the bill that characterizes Chinese Geese or African Geese. Young goslings are olive-gray to yellowish-gray with darker backs, gradually developing adult plumage over their first several months.

The overall appearance projects substance, dignity, and impressive size without the aggressive bearing of some goose breeds. They move with deliberate, waddling gaits characteristic of heavy waterfowl, particularly when away from water. In water, they're surprisingly graceful swimmers despite their size, gliding smoothly and diving for aquatic vegetation. Their plumage shows excellent water-shedding properties, remaining clean and dry even after extended swimming.

Toulouse Geese are renowned for calm, gentle temperaments that make them among the most manageable and beginner-friendly goose breeds available. They display far less aggression and territoriality than breeds like Chinese or African Geese, rarely showing the hissing, charging, or wing-beating that gives geese their reputation for aggression. When raised with regular, positive human interaction from goslings, Toulouse become quite tame and friendly, often greeting their keepers enthusiastically and following them around properties hoping for treats.

Females are particularly docile and sweet-natured, going about their daily routines of grazing, swimming, and resting with minimal drama. They establish gentle hierarchies within flocks and integrate reasonably well with other waterfowl species, though they may outcompete smaller ducks for food. Toulouse females can become protective when nesting but are less likely to attack than many breeds, instead relying on vocalizations and body language to warn intruders away from nests.

Ganders (males) are protective of their mates and flocks but generally express this through alertness and posturing rather than aggressive attacks. During breeding season (late winter through spring), ganders may become more territorial and vocal, but well-socialized Toulouse ganders rarely become truly aggressive toward familiar humans. They may hiss, spread wings, or position themselves between perceived threats and their females, but physical attacks are uncommon with proper handling. This manageable behavior during breeding season sets them apart from more aggressive breeds.

Toulouse Geese are social birds who thrive in pairs or small flocks rather than as isolated individuals. Geese mate for life when allowed to choose partners, forming strong pair bonds that last years. Bonded pairs stay close together, synchronizing their activities and showing distress if separated. In flocks, they communicate constantly through varied vocalizations including soft murmuring when content, louder honking when excited or greeting keepers, and sharp alarm calls when threats are detected. They're reasonably vigilant, alerting to unfamiliar people, animals, or vehicles.

Daily routines involve leaving shelter at dawn to begin grazing, spending substantial time consuming grass and vegetation. They alternate grazing with swimming and bathing when water is available, devoting considerable time to preening and maintaining their plumage. Geese are meticulous about feather care, using oil from their preen gland to waterproof feathers. They drink frequently, rest during midday heat, and naturally return to familiar shelter areas near dusk. Unlike chickens, geese don't roost but sleep on the ground, preferring shelters or protected areas at night.

Their intelligence is notable; they recognize individual humans, learn daily routines and feeding times, remember locations of food and water sources, and develop strong bonds with keepers and flock mates. They can be trained to come when called, particularly if treats are involved. Their combination of impressive size and gentle temperament makes them excellent additions to farms seeking productive, beautiful waterfowl without the management challenges of more aggressive breeds.

Toulouse Geese require substantial, secure housing providing 15-20 square feet of indoor shelter space per bird minimum, with larger spaces ideal for their size and comfort. Goose shelters can be simpler than chicken coops since geese don't roost—they need clean, dry, draft-free areas with deep bedding where they can sleep on the ground. Ceiling height can be modest (4-5 feet) since geese don't fly onto elevated perches. Shelters should have wide doors (minimum 3 feet) allowing easy entry and exit for large, wide-bodied birds.

Provide thick bedding of straw or wood shavings (6+ inches deep) creating a dry, comfortable surface for sleeping. Geese produce substantial waste—much more than chickens—requiring frequent bedding changes to maintain cleanliness and prevent respiratory issues from ammonia buildup. Many keepers clean shelters weekly or even more frequently, removing soiled bedding and adding fresh materials. Good ventilation is essential while preventing drafts, as waterfowl are susceptible to respiratory infections in poorly ventilated, ammonia-rich environments.

Outdoor space should provide minimum 100 square feet per bird for confined situations, though 200-300+ square feet allows comfortable grazing and reduces damage to vegetation. Toulouse Geese are enthusiastic grazers who can maintain grass at lawn height but will create bare, muddy areas if overstocked. Provide varied terrain including shaded areas (essential in summer), sunny spots for preening, and access to shelter. Fencing must be at least 4-5 feet tall with sturdy construction, as geese can't fly over barriers but will push through weak fencing. Electric fencing works well for daytime containment of geese while deterring predators.

Water access is critical for waterfowl welfare and breeding success. Ideal setups include ponds or large pools (minimum 100-gallon capacity) deep enough for geese to submerge heads and necks (12+ inches minimum) for bathing and mating. Geese mate primarily in water, and fertility suffers without adequate water access for natural mating behavior. Pools require regular cleaning (weekly or more often) to prevent contamination and algae growth, as geese rapidly dirty water through defecation and preening. Some keepers use small children's pools (hard plastic, not inflatable) that can be dumped, cleaned, and refilled easily. Position water sources away from shelters to minimize mud around buildings.

Predator protection is essential despite geese's size. Major predators include coyotes, foxes, large dogs, raccoons (particularly threatening to eggs and goslings), and in some areas, bobcats, bears, and mountain lions. Adult geese can defend themselves against small predators but are vulnerable when sleeping or nesting. Secure geese in predator-proof shelters nightly using hardware cloth (not chicken wire) on all openings, buried or apron fencing preventing digging, and predator-proof latches. Automatic door closers ensure security even if schedules slip.

Nesting areas for breeding females should provide secluded spots with 2-3 feet of space per nest, though Toulouse often prefer to create ground nests in corners or against walls. Provide nesting material like straw or hay, though females will arrange it themselves and add down plucked from their breasts. During nesting, provide food and water near nests, as broody geese leave only briefly daily.

Winter management is straightforward for cold-hardy Toulouse. Provide draft-free but well-ventilated shelter with thick dry bedding, unfrozen water (heated waterers or frequent refreshing), and access to food. Swimming water can freeze without harm as long as drinking water is available. Geese remain active in snow and cold, enjoying winter weather. Summer management requires shade, constant access to fresh water for drinking and bathing, and monitoring for heat stress (panting, lethargy, wings spread). Their size and dense plumage make them more heat-sensitive than ducks.

Toulouse goslings require waterfowl starter feed containing 18-20% protein from hatch until approximately 6-8 weeks of age, supporting healthy growth without the excessive protein that can cause developmental problems in waterfowl. Never use medicated chick starter containing coccidiostats for goslings, as they consume larger quantities than chicks and can overdose. Provide starter in crumble form for easy consumption. Fresh, clean water must be available 24/7 from day one, as goslings need constant water access for drinking and moistening food while eating.

From 6-8 weeks until maturity (around 6-8 months), transition to waterfowl grower or maintenance feed containing 14-16% protein. Some keepers use unmedicated chicken grower, all-flock feed, or gamebird maintenance successfully. Young geese begin grazing grass and vegetation enthusiastically as soon as they have outdoor access, obtaining significant nutrition from pasture even while still consuming commercial feed. Gradually decrease commercial feed as grazing increases, though supplemental feed ensures complete nutrition during development.

Adult Toulouse Geese are primarily grazers during growing seasons (spring through fall), consuming vast quantities of grass, weeds, clover, and other vegetation. They can obtain 80-90% of their nutritional needs from pasture during lush growing seasons, dramatically reducing commercial feed costs. However, provide waterfowl maintenance feed or whole grains (corn, wheat, oats) free-choice or fed once daily to ensure complete nutrition, particularly for laying females and during grass dormancy. Breeding geese benefit from increased nutrition 4-6 weeks before laying season.

Toulouse Geese are enthusiastic grazers preferring tender grass, clover, dandelions, and broad-leafed weeds. They consume 2-4 pounds of vegetation daily per bird, keeping grass short and providing valuable weed control. However, their heavy grazing can damage pastures if overstocked, creating bare, muddy areas. Rotational grazing or adequate pasture size (several hundred square feet per bird minimum) prevents overgrazing. They don't dig or scratch like chickens, instead grazing vegetation and leaving roots intact.

Grit is essential for geese to digest fibrous plant material and whole grains. Provide granite grit free-choice in a separate container, sized appropriately for waterfowl (larger than chicken grit). Grit collects in the gizzard where it mechanically grinds food. During breeding season, provide crushed oyster shell free-choice to laying females for calcium needed for strong eggshells, though waterfowl maintenance feeds contain adequate calcium for most.

Fresh, clean water must be available at all times in quantities sufficient for large waterfowl. Adult Toulouse drink 1-2 quarts or more daily depending on temperature and diet. Unlike chickens who sip, geese drink by taking large mouthfuls and tilting their heads back, requiring containers at least 4-6 inches deep. They need water for eating, as they take food in their bills then dunk heads in water to swallow. Provide water in heavy, stable containers geese cannot tip over, positioned away from feed to minimize waste contamination.

Treats can include whole corn, cracked corn, oats, wheat, fresh greens (lettuce, kale, cabbage), vegetables, and limited fruits. Geese love greens and vegetables, though these should supplement rather than replace commercial feed and pasture. Avoid bread despite its popularity, as it provides minimal nutrition and can cause digestive issues and malnutrition when fed in quantity. Never feed avocado, chocolate, or moldy foods, all toxic to waterfowl. During winter, whole corn generates body heat through digestion, helping geese maintain temperature during cold nights.

Toulouse Geese are generally hardy, healthy birds when provided appropriate care, housing, and nutrition. Waterfowl are less susceptible than chickens to many common poultry diseases but face their own specific health challenges. With proper preventive care emphasizing clean water, good nutrition, and predator protection, Toulouse Geese commonly live 15-25 years, with some individuals exceeding 30 years in exceptional cases. Their longevity and hardiness make them rewarding long-term additions to farms and properties.

With proper care emphasizing clean water access, appropriate housing, good nutrition, and predator protection, Toulouse Geese are remarkably healthy, long-lived birds requiring minimal veterinary intervention. Their hardiness and longevity make them rewarding long-term companions and productive additions to farms. Most health problems are preventable through attentive husbandry, making them suitable for dedicated keepers willing to meet their specific waterfowl needs. Their 15-25+ year lifespan represents a long-term commitment requiring stable, adequate facilities and care.

Toulouse Geese require respectful handling techniques accounting for their size, strength, and waterfowl-specific needs. Begin handling goslings early and frequently to ensure adults remain comfortable with human interaction. Young goslings respond well to gentle handling, calm talking, and hand-feeding treats like chopped greens, creating positive associations with people. Regular interaction during development produces adults that greet keepers, don't panic when approached, and tolerate necessary handling for health checks.

Catching adult Toulouse Geese requires patience and proper technique due to their size and strength. Corner birds calmly in shelter or enclosed area rather than chasing, which causes extreme stress and can injure birds who may slip, fall, or overheat from exertion. Approach slowly and confidently, then grasp bird firmly controlling wings against body while supporting substantial weight. Adult ganders can weigh 25-30+ pounds, making secure holds essential to prevent dropping and injury. Some handlers hook a leg gently then quickly secure the bird, controlling powerful wings to prevent flapping and injury.

For health examinations, inspect geese monthly or when concerns arise. Check eyes for clarity and absence of discharge, nostrils for clear breathing, bills for cracks or deformities, body condition by feeling breast muscle and assessing weight, feet thoroughly for bumblefoot or injuries (waterfowl are prone to foot problems), feather condition for parasites or damage, and vent area for cleanliness and normal appearance. Examine feet carefully as early bumblefoot detection allows simpler treatment.

Wing clipping is rarely necessary for Toulouse Geese, as their size prevents flight even without clipping. Exhibition-type Toulouse with extreme weights definitely cannot fly. However, lighter production types might achieve brief low flight when young or if startled, so some keepers clip primary flight feathers on one wing. Nail trimming is occasionally needed for geese on soft ground without natural wear, using heavy-duty clippers and avoiding the quick.

Toulouse Geese are best suited for farms, rural properties, and estates with adequate land (minimum 1/4-1/2 acre for small flocks), water access, and understanding of waterfowl needs. They're appropriate for intermediate keepers with prior poultry experience, particularly those who've kept chickens and want to expand into waterfowl. While calmer and more manageable than many goose breeds, they still require more space, infrastructure, and management than chickens. Complete beginners can succeed with Toulouse if willing to research thoroughly and invest in proper facilities.

Before acquiring geese, verify local zoning regulations, as many municipalities prohibit waterfowl even where chickens are allowed. Geese are larger, noisier, and require water sources that may violate ordinances. Some areas limit numbers, require permits, mandate setbacks from property lines, or prohibit waterfowl entirely. Homeowner associations frequently ban all waterfowl regardless of municipal regulations. Thoroughly investigate all rules before purchasing birds and constructing facilities.

Consider neighbor relationships carefully. Toulouse are less vocal than some geese but still honk loudly enough to be heard considerable distances, particularly during breeding season, when greeting keepers, or when alarmed. Their waste production is substantial, and poor management can create odors and flies affecting neighboring properties. Maintaining clean facilities, managing water to prevent flooding onto adjacent land, and keeping geese away from property lines promotes positive relationships.

Time commitments for Toulouse Geese exceed those for chickens. Daily tasks including feeding, watering, health checks, and pool cleaning (if used) require 20-40 minutes for small flocks. Weekly shelter cleaning due to heavy waste production is labor-intensive. Seasonal tasks include pool maintenance, deep bedding changes, and equipment care. Financial investments are substantial: predator-proof housing construction, fencing, pool systems, and initial goose costs ($35-75 per gosling or $75-150 per adult pair). Feed costs run $30-60 annually per bird depending on pasture access, offset partially by grazing reducing commercial feed needs.

Toulouse Geese represent 15-25+ year commitments, far longer than chickens. They may outlive other pets and farm animals, requiring stable long-term housing and care. Consider life circumstances, as geese can't easily be rehomed once bonded to properties and keepers. However, for those prepared to meet their needs, Toulouse offer rewarding companionship, productive meat and eggs, beautiful presence, and the unique pleasures of keeping gentle waterfowl.