Squirrel Spaniel
Breed Description

The Squirrel Spaniel is recognized under several alternative names across different regions and throughout its long history. The most common designation used internationally is the Papillon, which references the breed's distinctive ear shape. In various European countries, these dogs are sometimes still referred to as Continental Toy Spaniel, reflecting their classification within the larger group of European companion breeds.

Historical texts occasionally mention them as Butterfly Dogs or Dwarf Spaniels, names that emphasize either their physical appearance or diminutive stature. Some breed enthusiasts in English-speaking countries have used the term Squirrel Dog historically, drawing attention to the plumed tail that curves over the back. The drop-eared variety of this breed is known specifically as Phalene, though both ear types belong to the same breed standard in most kennel clubs worldwide.

The Squirrel Spaniel is a dainty yet sturdy toy breed that combines elegance with surprising athleticism. This small companion dog stands between eight and eleven inches at the shoulder and typically weighs between five and ten pounds. Despite their delicate appearance, these dogs possess a fine-boned but well-proportioned frame that allows for remarkable agility and endurance. Their most distinctive feature is their large, wing-shaped ears covered with long, flowing hair that frames their expressive face.

The breed displays an alert and intelligent expression, with dark, round eyes that convey both curiosity and affection. Their head is slightly rounded with a well-defined stop, and the muzzle tapers to a fine point. The neck is of moderate length, flowing smoothly into well-laid-back shoulders. The body is slightly longer than tall, with a level topline and moderate tuck-up. The plumed tail is one of the breed's signature features, carried arched over the back with long, flowing hair forming a graceful plume.

The Squirrel Spaniel moves with a free, quick, and graceful gait that appears effortless. They carry themselves with confidence and pride, their head held high and tail waving like a banner. The breed's movement demonstrates both reach and drive, with the front legs extending well forward and the rear providing strong propulsion. This efficient movement pattern allows them to cover ground quickly despite their small size.

American Kennel Club (AKC)

The AKC standard describes the Squirrel Spaniel as a small, friendly, elegant toy dog with a fine-boned structure, light and dainty in movement. The characteristic feature is the large, well-fringed butterfly ears. The body must be slightly longer than tall with a fine-boned structure. The coat is abundant, long, fine, silky, and flowing. The head is small with a well-defined stop, eyes dark and round, and ears large with rounded tips. Height at the withers should be eight to eleven inches. Weight is in proportion to height. The preferred weight ranges from five to ten pounds. Disqualifications include an all-white dog or a dog with no white coloring.

The standard emphasizes elegant carriage with a plumed tail arched over the body. The gait should be free, quick, easy, and graceful, not paddle-footed or stiff in hip movements. Angulation of the hindquarters should balance that of the forequarters. Temperament should be happy, alert, and friendly, never shy or aggressive.

Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI)

The FCI standard classifies the Squirrel Spaniel under Group 9 (Companion and Toy Dogs), Section 9 (Continental Toy Spaniel). The standard states this is a small companion spaniel with luxurious coat and distinctively fringed ears. Overall appearance should be of a small dog with normal structure, harmonious proportions, and long silky coat. Two varieties exist based on ear carriage: erect ears or dropped ears, both equally valued.

The skull is slightly rounded between the ears with a well-pronounced furrow. The muzzle is shorter than the skull, thin and tapering but not excessively pointed. The stop is well defined. Height at the withers ranges from twenty to twenty-eight centimeters with a tolerance of one centimeter. Weight varies between two and five kilograms depending on the dog's size. The movement should be proud, free, and graceful. Any departure from the standard should be considered a fault and judged according to its severity.

United Kennel Club (UKC)

The UKC recognizes the Squirrel Spaniel in the Companion Dog Group. The standard describes them as small, friendly, elegant toy spaniels with fine bone and a dainty build. The distinctive butterfly ears are covered with long fringe, giving the impression of the spread wings of a butterfly. Another variety has dropped ears called Phalene. The overall appearance should be balanced and proportionate.

The ideal height ranges from eight to eleven inches at the withers, with weight proportionate to height. The coat is abundant, long, fine, silky, flowing, and straight with resilient quality. The color is always parti-color or white with patches of any color except liver. A clearly defined white blaze and noseband are preferred. Symmetrical facial markings are desirable. The temperament is happy, alert, and friendly. Any shyness or aggression is a serious fault.

Other Organizations

The Canadian Kennel Club follows a standard similar to the AKC, emphasizing the breed's toy spaniel characteristics and elegant appearance. The Kennel Club (UK) maintains a standard that aligns closely with FCI guidelines, recognizing both ear varieties. Various continental European kennel clubs follow FCI standards with minor regional variations in interpretation. The Australian National Kennel Council standard emphasizes soundness and typical toy spaniel characteristics. All major registries agree on the essential features: small size, elegant structure, abundant silky coat, and distinctive ear feathering. Minor differences exist in precise measurements and point allocations, but the overall breed type remains consistent across organizations.

The Squirrel Spaniel traces its ancestry to the dwarf spaniels that appeared in European royal courts during the Renaissance period. These small companion dogs gained prominence in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, particularly in France, Italy, Spain, and Belgium. They were cherished by nobility and frequently depicted in paintings by masters such as Titian, Rubens, and Van Dyck. In these artworks, the dogs typically appear with dropped ears, the original ear type before selective breeding developed the upright variety.

During the reign of Louis XIV in France, these toy spaniels reached the height of their popularity among European aristocracy. They served as pampered companions in royal households and were often seen accompanying ladies of the court. The dogs traveled throughout Europe with their noble owners, spreading across the continent and establishing breeding populations in various countries. Marie Antoinette reportedly owned several of these small spaniels, which added to their fashionable status among French nobility.

The transformation from the dropped-ear variety to the erect-ear type occurred gradually during the late nineteenth century. Belgian breeders played a crucial role in developing the characteristic upright, fringed ears that would become the breed's signature feature. This development coincided with the rise of organized dog shows and formal breed standards. The name referencing butterflies emerged during this period, directly inspired by the wing-like appearance of the erect, heavily fringed ears.

The breed's popularity declined somewhat during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars when many royal families fell from power or fled their homelands. However, dedicated breeders in Belgium and France maintained breeding programs throughout these turbulent periods. By the late 1800s, renewed interest in purebred dogs led to the establishment of formal breed clubs and standardized breeding practices. The first specialty club formed in France in 1923, followed by organizations in Belgium and other European countries.

Introduction to England occurred in the late nineteenth century, though the breed remained relatively uncommon there compared to other toy spaniels. British fanciers gradually recognized the breed's qualities, and it gained a modest following among those who appreciated its intelligence and companionship qualities. The Kennel Club granted official recognition in 1923, establishing the breed within British dog fancy culture.

American interest in the breed developed in the early twentieth century. The first imports arrived in the United States around 1907, though consistent breeding programs did not establish until the 1920s. The American Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1915, opening the door for American breeders to develop their own lines. Early American fanciers imported quality dogs from European kennels, establishing a foundation for domestic breeding programs that would eventually rival their European counterparts in quality and number.

Throughout the twentieth century, breeders worked to improve the breed's health, temperament, and conformity to breed standards. They focused on maintaining the elegant appearance while ensuring sound structure and movement. Modern breeding programs emphasize both physical beauty and the intelligent, friendly temperament that makes these dogs excellent companions. Today, the breed enjoys moderate popularity worldwide, appreciated by those who value small dogs with big personalities and remarkable trainability. The breed has successfully transitioned from royal lapdog to versatile companion, excelling in activities from obedience to agility while maintaining its historical role as devoted household companion.

The Squirrel Spaniel was developed exclusively as a companion dog, bred to provide affection and entertainment to their owners. Throughout their history, these dogs served as cherished pets in royal courts and aristocratic households across Europe. Unlike many breeds that transitioned from working roles to companionship, this breed never performed hunting, herding, or guarding functions. Their entire purpose centered on offering companionship, emotional support, and decorative appeal to their human families.

In modern times, the breed continues to excel in its traditional role as household companion. They form strong bonds with their owners and thrive when integrated into daily family activities. Their small size makes them suitable for various living situations, from apartments to houses with yards. They require less space than larger breeds but still need regular interaction and inclusion in family life. Many owners find them ideal companions because they combine portability with engaging personalities.

Beyond their companionship role, these dogs demonstrate remarkable aptitude for canine performance sports. Their intelligence and eagerness to learn make them outstanding competitors in obedience trials, where they often outperform expectations for toy breeds. They also excel in agility competitions, navigating courses with speed and precision despite their small stature. Rally obedience provides another venue where their trainability shines, as they quickly learn complex sequences of behaviors and perform them reliably.

The breed has found success as therapy dogs in various settings. Their small size allows them to sit comfortably on laps or beds with patients, while their gentle nature and intuitive sensitivity to human emotions make them effective at providing comfort. Nursing homes, hospitals, and assisted living facilities often welcome these dogs as therapy visitors. Their friendly disposition and willingness to interact with strangers make them naturals for this important work. Some individuals serve as emotional support animals for people dealing with anxiety, depression, or other mental health challenges.

Training demonstrations and educational programs frequently feature this breed because their quick learning ability and willingness to perform make them excellent ambassadors for positive training methods. They showcase what small dogs can accomplish when properly trained and motivated. Their success in various dog sports has helped change perceptions about toy breeds, proving that small size does not limit intelligence or capability. Today's Squirrel Spaniel continues to fulfill its original purpose as beloved companion while also demonstrating versatility in modern canine activities.

The Squirrel Spaniel displays a confident and outgoing temperament that contradicts stereotypes about toy breeds being timid or fragile. These dogs carry themselves with self-assurance and approach life with curiosity and enthusiasm. They remain alert to their surroundings and quick to investigate new sights, sounds, and experiences. This bold attitude, combined with their small size, requires owners to ensure they do not put themselves in dangerous situations with larger dogs or hazardous environments.

Intelligence ranks among the breed's most notable characteristics. They learn new commands quickly and retain training well, often mastering complex behaviors with minimal repetition. This mental acuity means they require regular intellectual stimulation through training, puzzle toys, and interactive games. Without adequate mental challenges, they may become bored and develop unwanted behaviors such as excessive barking or destructive chewing. Owners who engage their dog's mind find them to be rewarding and entertaining companions.

Social behavior with family members demonstrates deep devotion and affection. These dogs form strong attachments to their people and prefer to remain close to them throughout the day. They often follow their owners from room to room and enjoy participating in household activities. This attachment can become problematic if not managed properly, potentially leading to separation anxiety when left alone. Early training to accept brief periods of independence helps prevent these issues from developing.

Interactions with strangers vary depending on individual temperament and socialization experiences. Well-socialized dogs typically greet new people with friendly curiosity, though some individuals display initial reserve before warming up. Their watchdog instincts mean they alert to visitors or unusual activities, making them effective alarm systems despite their small size. Proper socialization from puppyhood helps ensure they remain confident and appropriate in their responses to new people and situations.

The breed generally shows good manners with other dogs when properly introduced and socialized. They do not typically display the aggressive tendencies sometimes seen in other toy breeds. However, their bold nature means they may not recognize their size disadvantage with larger dogs, requiring supervision during interactions. Many households successfully keep multiple dogs together, with proper management and gradual introductions. Their playful nature means they often enjoy having canine companions, though they adapt equally well to being only pets. Energy levels remain moderate to high throughout most of their lives, requiring daily exercise and play. They enjoy walks, fetch games, and interactive toys that engage both body and mind. Their athletic ability surprises many who expect toy breeds to be sedentary, as they can run, jump, and play with considerable stamina for their size.

The Squirrel Spaniel adapts well to various family configurations, from single individuals to large households. They thrive when treated as integral family members rather than accessories or decorative objects. These dogs want to participate in daily activities and feel included in family life. Households that welcome their dog into most activities find them to be attentive, responsive companions who enhance the quality of home life. Their moderate size makes them manageable in most living situations while still providing meaningful companionship.

Relationships with children require careful consideration based on the ages involved. The breed's small size and delicate bone structure make them vulnerable to injury from rough handling or accidental falls. Families with very young children may want to wait until kids are old enough to understand gentle handling before adding this breed to their household. School-age children who learn proper handling techniques can develop wonderful relationships with these dogs. The dogs often enjoy playing with considerate children and can participate in activities like training sessions and trick learning together.

Living in apartments or houses suits this breed equally well, provided they receive adequate exercise and mental stimulation. Their small size means they do not require large yards, though they appreciate secure outdoor spaces where they can explore and play safely. Indoor activity can meet much of their exercise needs, making them suitable for urban environments. However, they still benefit from daily walks that provide both physical exercise and mental stimulation through exposure to new environments and experiences.

The breed integrates well into multi-pet households when introduced properly. They typically coexist peacefully with cats, especially when raised together from young ages. Their friendly nature extends to other dogs, and many owners successfully keep multiple dogs together. Size differences with larger dogs require supervision to prevent accidental injuries during play. Smaller pets like rabbits or guinea pigs may trigger prey drive in some individuals, though proper training and management can allow peaceful coexistence.

Work-from-home situations or retired owners often prove ideal for this breed because they enjoy constant companionship. They settle quietly near their owners during work hours, content to rest nearby while remaining ready to interact when attention is available. People who work away from home need to ensure their dog receives adequate socialization and does not develop overdependence or separation anxiety. Gradual training to accept brief periods alone, combined with midday walks or pet sitter visits, helps maintain good mental health for dogs in working households.

The grooming requirements fit well into family routines for those willing to invest time in coat care. Daily brushing prevents matting in the long, silky coat while providing bonding time between dog and owner. Many families make grooming a shared activity, teaching children appropriate care techniques while supervising to ensure gentleness. The breed's cleanliness and lack of strong odor make them pleasant to live with indoors. Regular grooming sessions also provide opportunities to check for health issues, strengthening the preventive care that helps these dogs live long, healthy lives.

The Squirrel Spaniel typically enjoys good health with proper care and responsible breeding practices. These dogs generally live between fourteen and sixteen years, with some individuals reaching their late teens. Maintaining appropriate weight throughout life contributes significantly to longevity, as obesity can exacerbate health problems and shorten lifespan. Regular veterinary care, balanced nutrition, adequate exercise, and dental hygiene all play important roles in keeping these dogs healthy throughout their lives.

Responsible breeders conduct health testing on breeding stock to reduce the incidence of genetic conditions. Prospective owners should seek breeders who perform recommended health screenings and can provide documentation of testing results. Understanding potential health issues helps owners recognize early warning signs and seek veterinary attention promptly when concerns arise. While not all individuals develop health problems, awareness of breed-specific concerns enables proactive care.

If you're looking to adopt a Papillon, consider contacting these breed-specific rescue organizations:

Due to the changing nature of rescue organizations, please verify website functionality before contacting.

"Don't Shop... Please Adopt" - There are many wonderful Papillons waiting for their forever homes.