Scottish Setter
Breed Description

The Scottish Setter is also known by several other names including Black and Tan Setter, Scottish Bird Dog, and Highland Setter. In some regions, they are referred to as the Northern Setter or Scotia Setter. The breed's distinctive black and tan coloring has earned them the nickname "Duke's Dog" in certain hunting circles, referencing their historical association with Scottish nobility.

The Scottish Setter stands as one of the most dignified and substantial members of the setter family, presenting an impressive figure with its sturdy build and distinctive coal-black coat adorned with rich chestnut or mahogany markings. This remarkable sporting dog combines power with elegance, showcasing a well-balanced physique that speaks to centuries of careful breeding for both function and form. Males typically reach heights of 24 to 27 inches at the shoulder and weigh between 55 to 80 pounds, while females are slightly smaller, standing 23 to 26 inches tall and weighing 45 to 70 pounds. Their substantial bone structure and muscular development reflect their heritage as tireless hunting companions capable of working all day in challenging terrain.

The breed's head presents a picture of refined strength, with a fairly deep and moderately broad skull that tapers elegantly toward the eyes. The stop is clearly defined but not abrupt, creating a harmonious transition from skull to muzzle. Their eyes, typically dark brown in color, convey an expression of intelligence, alertness, and gentle nobility that captures the essence of the breed's temperament. The ears are set low and lie close to the head, falling in graceful folds that frame the face beautifully. The muzzle is fairly long and square in outline, neither snipy nor overly broad, housing a complete set of strong white teeth that meet in a scissors bite.

The Scottish Setter's body exemplifies the ideal balance between substance and athleticism. The neck is long, lean, and arched, flowing smoothly into well-laid-back shoulders that provide the reach necessary for efficient ground coverage. The chest is deep, reaching to the elbows, with well-sprung ribs that provide ample lung capacity for sustained activity. The topline remains level whether standing or moving, supported by a strong, moderately short back that leads to a slightly sloping croup. The tail, a distinctive feature of the breed, is carried horizontally or slightly below the level of the back when in motion, expressing the dog's mood and energy through its feathering and movement.

Perhaps the most striking feature of the Scottish Setter is its magnificent coat, which sets it apart from all other setter breeds. The coat is soft and shining, straight or slightly waved but never curly, with longer feathering on the ears, chest, belly, backs of legs, and tail. The color is a deep, shining coal-black with tan markings that are rich chestnut or mahogany in hue. These tan markings appear in specific locations: two clear spots over the eyes, on the sides of the muzzle, on the throat, two large clear spots on the chest, on the inside of the hind legs and forelegs, and under the tail. The contrast between the glossy black base coat and the warm tan markings creates a stunning visual impact that never fails to draw admiration.

Movement in the Scottish Setter is a study in controlled power and effortless grace. At the trot, they display a bold, driving gait with considerable reach in front and strong drive from behind. The head is carried high, and the tail streams behind, creating a picture of purposeful elegance. Their movement should appear effortless and ground-covering, reflecting their heritage as dogs bred to quarter fields methodically in search of game birds. The breed's stamina becomes evident in their ability to maintain this efficient gait for extended periods without showing signs of fatigue.

American Kennel Club (AKC)

General Appearance: The Scottish Setter is a good-sized, sturdily built dog, well muscled, with plenty of bone and substance, but active, stylish and elegant, appearing capable of doing a full day's work in the field. Strong, rather short back, well-sprung ribs, and short tail. The head is fairly long, clearly lined, with well-defined stop, and the intelligent, noble expression is enhanced by the rich color of the coat. A dog that combines strength and stamina with elegance and style. Temperament: The Scottish Setter is friendly, intelligent and willing. Alert and interested in his surroundings, he is steady and dependable. Size and Weight: Males 26 inches, 75 pounds; females 25 inches, 65 pounds. Head: Deep, fairly broad between the ears, with well-defined stop. Eyes fairly large, neither deep-set nor prominent, dark brown and bright, with intelligent expression. Ears set low, fairly large and thin, hanging close to head. Body: Chest deep, not broad. Ribs well sprung. Back short and level. Loins broad and powerful. Coat: Soft and shining, straight or slightly waved, but not curly. Color: Black with tan markings, either rich chestnut or mahogany. The tan should be shining and not faded.

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)

Classification: Group 7 - Pointing Dogs. Section 2.2 - British and Irish Pointers and Setters. With working trial. General Appearance: Stylish dog with gallant bearing. Consistent in conformation, indicating stamina, activity and reliability. Deep, rather broad head, with intelligent expression. Body of moderate length, deep chest and well-sprung ribs. Strong bone throughout, with powerful hindquarters. Size: Males 66 cm (26 inches); Females 62 cm (24.5 inches). Important Proportions: The distance from breastbone to buttocks slightly greater than height at withers. Distance from ground to elbows approximately equal to distance from elbows to withers. Head: Deep rather than broad, but broader than muzzle, showing brain room. Skull: Slightly rounded, broadest between ears. Clear stop. Eyes: Dark brown, fairly large, bright, intelligent, neither deep set nor prominent. Ears: Medium size, thin, set low, lying close to head. Body: Moderate length, deep brisket, ribs well sprung. Back firm and level. Loins broad, slightly arched. Coat: On head, front of legs, tips of ears short and fine; moderate length, flat and free from curl or wave on other parts. Color: Deep shining coal black, without rustiness, with markings of rich chestnut red.

United Kennel Club (UKC)

General Description: The Scottish Setter is the most substantial of the setter breeds. A well-balanced dog with a sturdy build that suggests strength and stamina rather than extreme speed. Symmetrical and sound in conformation throughout. Character: Bold, outgoing, steady temperament, intelligent, capable and loyal. Neither shy nor vicious. Size: Males 25-27 inches, 60-80 pounds; Females 24-25 inches, 50-70 pounds. Head: Fairly heavy, deep rather than broad, clearly lined. Well defined stop. Skull slightly rounded. Muzzle moderately deep with fairly square outline. Eyes: Dark brown, medium size, neither deep set nor protruding. Ears: Low set, fairly large, thin leather, hanging in neat folds close to head. Body and Proportion: Chest deep, reaching to elbows. Ribs well sprung, neither barrel-shaped nor slab-sided. Back strong and relatively short. Loin short, broad and slightly arched. Coat: Soft, shining, straight or slightly waved but not curly. Moderate length with good feathering. Color: Black with clearly defined markings of rich chestnut to mahogany color.

Other Organizations

The Canadian Kennel Club recognizes the Scottish Setter within their Sporting Dogs group, maintaining standards similar to the AKC with emphasis on the breed's working ability and soundness. The Kennel Club (UK) places particular importance on the breed's distinctive color pattern and working capability, requiring clear tan markings without any trace of black penciling. The Australian National Kennel Council follows closely aligned standards, noting the importance of balanced proportions and proper temperament for both field work and companionship. Various national breed clubs worldwide maintain their own detailed standards, all emphasizing the breed's unique combination of substantial build, distinctive coloring, and steady temperament that sets the Scottish Setter apart from other setter breeds.

The Scottish Setter's origins trace back to the early 17th century in the Scottish Highlands, where they emerged from a careful blend of various setting spaniels, early pointers, and possibly bloodhounds. The breed's development was intrinsically linked to the evolution of firearms and hunting practices in Scotland, where the rugged terrain and challenging weather conditions demanded a hardy, reliable bird dog capable of working tirelessly in harsh environments. The black and tan coloration, which distinguishes the Scottish Setter from its red and white cousins, was specifically selected for its visibility against the heather-covered moorlands of Scotland.

The fourth Duke of Gordon, Alexander Gordon, played a pivotal role in establishing the breed during the late 18th and early 19th centuries at Gordon Castle in Banffshire, Scotland. The Duke maintained one of the most influential kennels of the era, focusing on producing dogs that combined exceptional scenting ability with the stamina to work from dawn to dusk. His breeding program emphasized not only working ability but also temperament, seeking dogs that were biddable, steady, and reliable in the field. The Duke's dedication to the breed earned these dogs their earliest recognition, and for many years they were known primarily as "Gordon Castle Setters."

During the Victorian era, the breed gained tremendous popularity among the British aristocracy and landed gentry. Queen Victoria herself was known to admire the breed, and her endorsement significantly elevated their status. This period saw the refinement of the breed's appearance, with greater emphasis placed on uniformity of type and the standardization of the distinctive black and tan coloring. The establishment of The Kennel Club in 1873 provided a formal framework for breed recognition, and the Scottish Setter was among the earliest breeds to be officially recognized.

The breed's introduction to North America occurred in the mid-19th century, with the first documented imports arriving in the 1840s. Daniel Webster and George Blunt were among the earliest American enthusiasts, importing breeding stock directly from the Gordon Castle kennels. The American strain initially developed along slightly different lines than their British counterparts, with American breeders selecting for slightly larger, more substantial dogs suited to the varied terrain and game birds of the New World. The American Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1892, cementing their place in American sporting dog culture.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries marked a golden age for the Scottish Setter in field trials and hunting circles. The breed's methodical quartering pattern, exceptional scenting ability, and distinctive "setting" stance when locating game made them highly prized among serious bird hunters. Notable dogs of this era, such as Champion Heather Grouse and La Tosca, established bloodlines that influenced the breed for generations. Their success in both field trials and the show ring demonstrated the breed's versatility and helped maintain the balance between working ability and conformation.

World War I and II significantly impacted the breed's population, particularly in Europe. Many breeding programs were disrupted or abandoned entirely as resources became scarce and priorities shifted. The dedication of a small number of breeders in both Britain and America ensured the breed's survival, though population numbers remained relatively low compared to other sporting breeds. The post-war period saw renewed interest in the breed, though they never regained the widespread popularity they had enjoyed in the Victorian era.

Modern Scottish Setters have evolved to serve primarily as companions and show dogs, though a dedicated minority continue to work them in the field. Contemporary breeding programs strive to maintain the breed's distinctive appearance while preserving their gentle, steady temperament and working instincts. The breed has found new roles in therapy work and as family companions, where their loyalty, intelligence, and gentle nature are highly valued. Today's Scottish Setter remains true to its heritage as a dignified, capable sporting dog, embodying centuries of careful selective breeding for both function and companionship.

The Scottish Setter was originally developed as a bird dog par excellence, specifically bred to locate and point upland game birds in the challenging terrain of the Scottish Highlands. Their primary function centered on their exceptional ability to work systematically through heather-covered moorlands, using their remarkable scenting ability to detect grouse, partridge, and pheasant at considerable distances. Unlike flushing spaniels or retrievers, the Scottish Setter's role was to locate game and hold a steady point, allowing hunters to approach within shooting range. This "setting" behavior, from which all setters derive their name, required extraordinary discipline and steadiness in the face of exciting game scent.

The breed's working style is characterized by a methodical, thorough quartering pattern that ensures complete coverage of the hunting ground. Scottish Setters work at a moderate pace compared to some other pointing breeds, which allows them to maintain their energy throughout a long day of hunting while minimizing the chance of passing over hidden birds. Their distinctive head-high searching pattern enables them to catch scent carried on air currents, and their soft mouth ensures that any retrieved game remains undamaged. The breed's heavy coat provides excellent protection against harsh weather conditions and rough cover, allowing them to work comfortably in conditions that might challenge less robust breeds.

In modern times, the Scottish Setter's function has expanded beyond their traditional hunting role. Their steady temperament, intelligence, and strong desire to please have made them excellent therapy dogs, providing comfort and companionship in hospitals, nursing homes, and schools. Their gentle nature and patience make them particularly well-suited for work with children and elderly individuals. Some Scottish Setters have found success in obedience competitions, agility trials, and rally sports, where their trainability and athletic ability serve them well. Their keen nose has also led to employment in detection work, including search and rescue operations and conservation efforts to locate endangered species.

As family companions, Scottish Setters fulfill the important function of loyal, protective family members. Their natural alertness makes them excellent watchdogs who will announce visitors without being overly aggressive. They form strong bonds with all family members and are particularly gentle with children, often assuming a guardian role. The breed's need for regular exercise and mental stimulation makes them ideal companions for active families who enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and jogging. Their presence in a household provides not just companionship but also encourages a more active lifestyle for their human family members.

The Scottish Setter exhibits a complex behavioral profile that reflects both their heritage as working gun dogs and their evolution as cherished family companions. At their core, these dogs possess a steady, reliable temperament characterized by quiet confidence and emotional stability. Unlike some more excitable sporting breeds, Scottish Setters typically display a measured, thoughtful approach to new situations and stimuli. This inherent steadiness, originally selected for work in the field where reliability was paramount, translates into a dog that is generally calm in the home environment while maintaining alertness and interest in their surroundings.

Intelligence manifests strongly in the Scottish Setter's behavior, though it presents differently than in some other breeds. They possess a contemplative intelligence that leads them to think through situations before acting, rather than responding with immediate, impulsive reactions. This thoughtfulness can sometimes be mistaken for stubbornness, particularly during training sessions where the dog may pause to process commands before complying. Their memory is exceptional, particularly for routines and patterns, and they quickly learn household schedules and expectations. This intelligence requires mental stimulation through training, puzzle toys, and varied activities to prevent boredom-related behavioral issues.

Social behavior in Scottish Setters reflects their breeding as cooperative hunting partners. They generally exhibit excellent social skills with both humans and other dogs, showing neither aggression nor excessive timidity in normal circumstances. With family members, they display deep loyalty and affection, often choosing to maintain physical closeness without being overly demanding or clingy. Their greeting behavior tends toward the enthusiastic but controlled, rarely jumping or displaying the hyperactive excitement seen in some breeds. With strangers, Scottish Setters typically show initial reserve, observing and assessing before warming up to new people. This reserved nature should not be confused with shyness; rather, it represents a dignified caution that dissipates once the dog determines there is no threat.

The breed's hunting heritage strongly influences their behavioral patterns, even in dogs that have never been exposed to hunting. The pointing instinct remains strong, and Scottish Setters will often freeze and point at birds, butterflies, or even interesting scents during walks. Their prey drive, while present, is typically moderate and controllable with proper training. They may show interest in chasing small animals but can usually be called off with established recall commands. The breed's tendency to range while exercising reflects their breeding for independent field work, though they generally maintain awareness of their handler's location and check in periodically.

Communication behaviors in Scottish Setters are subtle but distinct. They are not excessive barkers but will use their voice purposefully to alert their families to visitors or unusual circumstances. Their body language is expressive, with the tail serving as a particularly eloquent indicator of mood and intention. The breed's facial expressions can be remarkably human-like in their complexity, conveying everything from questioning curiosity to patient resignation. They often use gentle pawing or nosing behaviors to request attention or communicate needs, rarely resorting to demanding or destructive attention-seeking behaviors when properly exercised and stimulated.

Stress and anxiety behaviors in Scottish Setters typically manifest as withdrawal rather than destructiveness or hyperactivity. When anxious or uncomfortable, they may become clingy with trusted family members or seek quiet spaces to retreat. Separation anxiety can occur, particularly in dogs that haven't been properly conditioned to alone time from a young age. However, their generally stable temperament means that with proper preparation and gradual conditioning, most Scottish Setters can learn to tolerate reasonable periods of solitude without significant distress.

The breed's play behavior remains pronounced throughout their lives, with even elderly Scottish Setters maintaining interest in games and toys. Their play style tends toward the gentle and controlled rather than rough or boisterous. They particularly enjoy games that engage their hunting instincts, such as hide-and-seek with toys or scent-based activities. Interactive play with their human family members strengthens bonds and provides important mental stimulation. With other dogs, Scottish Setters typically display appropriate play behaviors, reading social cues well and adjusting their play style to match their playmate's energy and size.

Within the family unit, Scottish Setters establish themselves as devoted, integral members who form deep emotional connections with all household members. Their approach to family life is characterized by a desire for inclusion and participation in daily activities, whether that involves accompanying family members on errands, supervising household chores, or simply maintaining a watchful presence during quiet evening hours. These dogs possess an intuitive understanding of family hierarchies and dynamics, readily accepting their place within the established structure while maintaining their dignified bearing. They demonstrate remarkable adaptability to different family compositions, thriving equally well in households with single owners, couples, or large families with multiple children.

The Scottish Setter's relationship with children deserves special mention, as they exhibit exceptional patience and gentleness with young family members. Their size and energy level make them sturdy enough to withstand the enthusiastic attention of children while their inherent gentleness ensures they rarely overwhelm or inadvertently harm smaller family members. Scottish Setters often assume a protective, nurturing role with children, positioning themselves as guardians during outdoor play and showing remarkable tolerance for the poking, prodding, and costume-wearing that often accompanies life with young children. They seem to instinctively understand the need for gentler behavior around infants and toddlers, moderating their movements and energy accordingly.

Integration with other pets in the household typically proceeds smoothly, particularly when the Scottish Setter is introduced as a puppy or properly socialized with other animals from a young age. Their sporting dog heritage means they generally view other dogs as potential partners rather than competitors, and multi-dog households often find Scottish Setters to be peacemakers who help maintain harmony within the pack. With cats and smaller pets, their prey drive requires management, but most Scottish Setters can learn to coexist peacefully with feline family members, often developing close bonds with cats they're raised alongside. Small caged animals like rabbits or birds may trigger their pointing instinct, but rarely does this escalate to problematic behavior with proper introduction and supervision.

The breed's contribution to family emotional well-being cannot be overstated. Scottish Setters possess an almost uncanny ability to sense emotional distress in family members, often gravitating toward individuals who are upset, ill, or anxious. Their calm, steady presence provides comfort without being overwhelming, and many families report that their Scottish Setter serves as an emotional barometer and stabilizing influence during difficult times. This emotional intelligence extends to recognizing and respecting different family members' preferences for interaction, being more playful with those who encourage it while maintaining calm companionship with those who prefer quieter interaction.

Daily routine establishment is something Scottish Setters not only adapt to but actively participate in maintaining. They quickly learn family schedules and often serve as gentle reminders for regular activities like walks, meals, or bedtime. This reliability and predictability can be particularly beneficial for families with children, as the dog's routine-oriented nature helps establish and maintain structure. Scottish Setters typically adjust their activity levels to match family patterns, being alert and ready for action during active times while settling contentedly during quiet periods. Their presence encourages regular outdoor activity and exercise, contributing to the overall health and wellness of the entire family unit.

Space and territory management within the home shows the Scottish Setter's considerate nature. Despite their size, they rarely demand excessive space and are adept at finding appropriate resting spots that allow them to maintain visual contact with family members without being underfoot. They respect established boundaries once taught, understanding which furniture they're allowed on and which rooms may be off-limits. Their territorial instincts are protective without being aggressive, alerting the family to visitors or unusual occurrences while remaining under control and responsive to commands. This balanced approach to territory makes them excellent family guardians who provide security without creating tension or aggression issues that could impact family dynamics.

Scottish Setters are generally healthy dogs with a life expectancy of 10 to 12 years, though some individuals have been known to reach 13 or 14 years with proper care. Like all purebred dogs, they are susceptible to certain genetic health conditions that potential owners should be aware of. Responsible breeding practices, including health testing of breeding stock, have helped reduce the incidence of many hereditary conditions in the breed. Regular veterinary care, appropriate nutrition, and maintaining proper weight and condition throughout life are essential factors in ensuring a Scottish Setter lives a long, healthy life.

The breed's deep chest makes them susceptible to gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), commonly known as bloat, which represents one of the most serious health emergencies they may face. This condition occurs when the stomach fills with gas and potentially rotates on itself, cutting off blood flow and requiring immediate emergency surgery. Risk factors include eating large meals, exercising immediately after eating, eating too quickly, and stress. Preventive measures include feeding multiple smaller meals rather than one large meal, using slow-feed bowls, avoiding exercise for at least an hour before and after meals, and considering prophylactic gastropexy surgery in high-risk individuals. Owners should familiarize themselves with the symptoms of bloat, including unsuccessful attempts to vomit, distended abdomen, restlessness, and signs of pain or distress.

Hip dysplasia remains a concern within the breed, though careful breeding selection has reduced its prevalence significantly. This inherited condition involves abnormal formation of the hip joint, leading to arthritis and mobility issues as the dog ages. Environmental factors such as rapid growth, excessive exercise during puppyhood, and obesity can exacerbate the condition. Elbow dysplasia, while less common than hip dysplasia, also occurs in the breed and can cause front-limb lameness and arthritis. Both conditions can be screened for through radiographic evaluation, and breeding dogs should be tested and certified by organizations such as the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals or PennHIP.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) represents the most significant eye condition affecting Scottish Setters. This inherited disorder causes gradual deterioration of the retina, eventually leading to blindness. The condition typically manifests in middle age, with affected dogs first showing difficulty seeing in dim light before progressing to complete vision loss. DNA testing is available for the rcd4 form of PRA that affects Scottish Setters, allowing breeders to identify carriers and make informed breeding decisions. Other eye conditions that may occur include cataracts and entropion, though these are less common. Annual eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist are recommended for breeding dogs and can help identify issues early in pet dogs.

Hypothyroidism occurs with moderate frequency in Scottish Setters, typically developing in middle-aged dogs. This condition results from inadequate production of thyroid hormones and can cause various symptoms including weight gain, lethargy, coat problems, and skin issues. The condition is easily manageable with daily thyroid hormone supplementation, and affected dogs can live completely normal lives with proper treatment. Regular thyroid testing as part of routine senior blood work can help identify the condition early, before clinical signs become severe.

Cancer affects Scottish Setters at rates similar to other large breeds, with hemangiosarcoma and lymphoma being among the more commonly diagnosed types. Regular veterinary examinations can help identify tumors or other abnormalities early when treatment is most effective. Maintaining a healthy weight, providing appropriate exercise, and avoiding unnecessary exposure to environmental toxins may help reduce cancer risk, though genetic factors play a significant role in cancer development.

Proper nutrition throughout life stages plays a crucial role in Scottish Setter health maintenance. Puppies require controlled growth to minimize the risk of developmental orthopedic problems, while adults need balanced nutrition to maintain ideal body condition. Senior Scottish Setters benefit from diets formulated for aging dogs, with consideration for joint support, digestive health, and maintaining lean muscle mass. Regular monitoring of body condition and adjustment of feeding amounts helps prevent obesity, which can exacerbate joint problems and contribute to various other health issues. The breed's deep chest necessitates careful attention to feeding practices to minimize bloat risk throughout their lives.

If you're looking to adopt a Scottish Setter, consider contacting these breed-specific rescue organizations:

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"Don't Shop... Please Adopt" - There are many wonderful Scottish Setters waiting for their forever homes.