American Foxhound
Breed Description

The American Foxhound is sometimes referred to as the Virginia Hound, reflecting its strong historical connection to Virginia where the breed was developed. Other regional names include American Hound and simply Foxhound in areas where the English Foxhound is less common. Historical references may call them Walker Hounds or Trigg Hounds after specific strains developed within the breed, though these are now considered varieties rather than separate names.

The American Foxhound stands as a testament to American ingenuity in dog breeding, representing centuries of careful selection to create a hound perfectly suited to the unique terrain and hunting conditions of the New World. This elegant and athletic breed combines the best qualities of its English Foxhound ancestors with refinements that make it distinctly American—lighter in build, faster in pursuit, and possessed of a melodious voice that can be heard for miles across the countryside. With their lean, muscular frames and noble bearing, American Foxhounds embody the spirit of the hunt while maintaining the gentle temperament that has made them cherished companions in American households for over two centuries.

The breed's physical appearance reflects its purpose as a tireless hunter capable of covering vast distances at considerable speed. Standing taller and leaner than their English cousins, American Foxhounds possess a refined elegance that speaks to their athletic prowess. Their long, straight legs are perfectly proportioned for sustained running, while their deep chest provides ample room for heart and lungs to support extended pursuits. The breed's distinctive head features a fairly long, slightly domed skull with large, soft eyes that convey both intelligence and the gentle nature that characterizes these hounds when not engaged in the chase. Their long, pendant ears, set moderately low, frame a face that manages to appear both noble and approachable, with an expression that suggests both determination and kindness.

The American Foxhound's coat, while functional rather than ornate, contributes significantly to the breed's overall appearance and working ability. The close, hard coat of medium length provides protection from brush and brambles while requiring minimal maintenance—a practical consideration for a working hound. Colors vary widely and any hound color is acceptable, though the traditional tri-color pattern of black, white, and tan remains most common. Some individuals display the striking red and white coloration, while others may show various combinations of these basic hound colors. This variety in coloration adds visual interest to packs while maintaining the breed's distinctive type. The coat's texture and density provide adequate protection in various weather conditions without impeding the dog's movement or causing overheating during intense activity.

American Kennel Club (AKC)

Head: Skull - Should be fairly long, slightly domed at occiput, with cranium broad and full. Ears - Ears set on moderately low, long, reaching when drawn out nearly, if not quite, to the tip of the nose; fine in texture, fairly broad, with almost entire absence of erectile power - setting close to the head with the forward edge slightly inturning to the cheek - round at tip. Eyes - Eyes large, set well apart, soft and houndlike - expression gentle and pleading; of a brown or hazel color. Muzzle - Muzzle of fair length - straight and square-cut - the stop moderately defined.

Body: Neck and Throat - Neck rising free and light from the shoulders, strong in substance yet not loaded, of medium length. The throat clean and free from folds of skin, a slight wrinkle below the angle of the jaw, however, is allowable. Defects - A thick, short, cloddy neck carried on a line with the top of the shoulders. Throat showing dewlap and folds of skin to a degree termed "throatiness." Shoulders, Chest and Ribs - Shoulders sloping - clean, muscular, not heavy or loaded - conveying the idea of freedom of action with activity and strength. Chest should be deep for lung space, narrower in proportion to depth than the English hound - 28 inches (girth) in a 23-inch hound being good. Well-sprung ribs - back ribs should extend well back - a three-inch flank allowing springiness. Back and Loins - Back moderately long, muscular and strong. Loins broad and slightly arched.

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)

The FCI does not recognize the American Foxhound as a separate breed standard. In international competition outside of FCI jurisdiction, the breed is judged according to the standards of the country hosting the event, typically following either the AKC or UKC standards. This lack of FCI recognition reflects the breed's primarily American development and use, though American Foxhounds are known and appreciated by hound enthusiasts worldwide. The breed's qualities are sometimes compared to FCI-recognized breeds such as the English Foxhound (FCI Standard No. 159) and various French hound breeds, though the American Foxhound's unique characteristics distinguish it from these related breeds.

United Kennel Club (UKC)

The UKC standard for the American Foxhound emphasizes the breed's working ability as a pack hunter. The standard describes a hound that should be built for speed and endurance, with particular attention paid to soundness of movement and stamina. The UKC standard notes that the American Foxhound should be lighter and racier than the English Foxhound, with longer legs in proportion to body. Working ability is paramount, with any characteristic that would interfere with the hound's ability to work tirelessly in the field being severely penalized. The voice is considered important, with preference given to hounds with clear, carrying voices that can be heard at great distances.

Other Organizations

The American Foxhound Club, established in 1912, maintains detailed breed standards that have influenced judging in various venues. The Masters of Foxhounds Association of America recognizes multiple strains within the breed, including Walker, Trigg, July, and Penn-Marydel, each with slight variations in type while maintaining core breed characteristics. The Canadian Kennel Club recognizes the breed with standards similar to the AKC. Various state foxhound associations maintain their own performance standards focusing on hunting ability, voice, and pack compatibility. Field trial organizations emphasize working qualities over conformation, though the best specimens excel in both areas.

The American Foxhound's history is deeply intertwined with the founding of America itself, representing one of the earliest deliberate breeding programs undertaken in the New World. The breed's origins trace back to 1650 when Robert Brooke sailed from England to Maryland with his pack of hunting hounds, establishing the first organized pack hunting in America. These English hounds, along with subsequent imports, formed the foundation of what would become a distinctly American breed. The early colonists quickly discovered that the American terrain, climate, and quarry required a different type of hound than what succeeded in England's manicured countryside. The vast wilderness, rough terrain, and cunning American foxes demanded a faster, more independent, and hardier hound.

Perhaps no figure looms larger in the American Foxhound's development than George Washington, who is often called the father of the breed. Washington maintained a substantial pack at Mount Vernon and kept meticulous breeding records, approaching hound breeding with the same strategic mindset he applied to military campaigns and agricultural improvements. In 1785, the Marquis de Lafayette presented Washington with a group of French hounds, including Grand Bleu de Gascogne hounds, which Washington bred with his existing English-type hounds to increase speed and improve voice. Washington's breeding program, documented in his detailed journals, represents one of the earliest examples of systematic dog breeding in America, with careful attention paid to selecting for specific traits including speed, stamina, voice quality, and pack compatibility.

The importation of Irish hounds in the 1830s marked another crucial chapter in the breed's development. These hounds, brought to Maryland and other mid-Atlantic states, contributed additional speed and refinement to the developing American type. Different regions began developing their own strains based on local hunting conditions and preferences. The Walker hounds of Kentucky, developed by John W. Walker and the Maupin brothers, emphasized speed and competitive drive. The Trigg hounds, developed by Colonel Haiden Trigg, were known for their melodious voices and determined tracking ability. The July hounds, originating in Georgia, excelled in hot weather conditions. These regional varieties, while maintaining the essential American Foxhound type, demonstrated the breed's adaptability to diverse American hunting conditions.

The Civil War period proved both challenging and transformative for the American Foxhound. Many packs were dispersed or destroyed during the conflict, with valuable breeding stock lost. However, the post-war period saw renewed interest in fox hunting and hound breeding as Southern society sought to rebuild cultural traditions. The late 19th century witnessed increased organization in American Foxhound breeding, with the establishment of stud books and the formation of hunt clubs that maintained detailed breeding records. The Masters of Foxhounds Association of America, founded in 1907, began registering hunts and establishing standards for pack management and breeding. This period also saw the breed's transition from purely functional hunting dogs to also serving as competitive field trial participants.

The 20th century brought both challenges and opportunities for the American Foxhound. While urbanization and changing social attitudes reduced traditional fox hunting, the breed found new roles in competitive events and as family companions. The formation of the American Foxhound Club in 1912 and the breed's American Kennel Club recognition in 1886 (one of the earliest breeds recognized) helped standardize type while preserving working ability. Field trials became increasingly popular, providing a venue for maintaining and testing the breed's hunting instincts without the need for actual fox hunting. Different trial formats emerged, including those emphasizing speed, trailing ability, or endurance, allowing various strains to excel in their specialties.

Today's American Foxhound represents the successful preservation of a historic American breed that maintains its working ability while adapting to modern circumstances. The breed was designated as Virginia's state dog in 1966, recognizing its historical significance. While no longer as common as in centuries past, dedicated breeders and hunt clubs maintain the breed's traditions and working qualities. Modern American Foxhounds serve diverse roles: some still work in traditional hunt packs, others compete in field trials, and an increasing number serve as active family companions for those who can meet their exercise needs. DNA studies have confirmed the breed's unique genetic signature, distinct from English Foxhounds and other hound breeds, validating centuries of selective breeding. The American Foxhound's journey from colonial import to indigenous American breed mirrors the nation's own development, creating a living link to America's sporting heritage.

The American Foxhound's primary function has historically been as a pack hunter specializing in the pursuit of fox, though the breed's versatility has allowed it to adapt to various hunting scenarios and modern roles. In traditional fox hunting, American Foxhounds work in coordinated packs, using their exceptional scenting ability to track foxes across varied terrain. Unlike sight hounds that pursue prey visually, American Foxhounds follow scent trails that may be hours old, requiring not just a keen nose but also the intelligence to work out checks where the scent has been disrupted. Their melodious voices serve a crucial function, allowing hunters to follow the progress of the chase even when the pack is out of sight, with experienced hunters able to identify individual hounds by their unique voices.

The breed's hunting style differs significantly from their English Foxhound ancestors, reflecting adaptations to American conditions. American Foxhounds tend to work with greater independence, spreading out more widely to search for scent rather than staying in a tight pack. This trait developed from necessity in America's vast, unfenced territories where foxes could run for miles. Their speed and endurance allow them to maintain pursuit over distances that would exhaust many other breeds. The American Foxhound's lighter build enables greater agility in rough terrain, while their longer legs provide the stride length necessary for sustained speed. Modern hunts may last several hours, during which these remarkable athletes maintain a steady pace that combines speed with endurance.

Field trials have become an increasingly important function for American Foxhounds, providing a competitive venue that maintains the breed's working abilities without requiring actual fox hunting. These events test various aspects of the hounds' hunting ability, including speed, trailing accuracy, endurance, and voice quality. Different trial formats emphasize different qualities: speed trials reward the fastest hounds, while hunting trials evaluate the complete package of hunting abilities. Some trials are run with single hounds, testing individual ability, while others evaluate pack coordination. Success in field trials requires not just natural ability but also extensive conditioning and training, with top competition hounds maintained in peak physical condition through careful diet and exercise programs.

Beyond fox hunting, American Foxhounds have proven adaptable to hunting other game, particularly in regions where foxes are less common. Many packs successfully hunt coyote, which requires modifications in hunting strategy due to the coyote's different behavior patterns and greater stamina. Some American Foxhounds work on deer in states where hunting deer with dogs remains legal, though this requires careful training to ensure the hounds follow only the designated quarry. The breed's strong pack instinct and trailing ability have occasionally been utilized in search and rescue operations, though they are less common in this role than breeds specifically developed for such work. Their gentle temperament has also led to some success as therapy dogs, particularly in rural communities where their connection to local traditions resonates with residents.

In contemporary America, the American Foxhound increasingly functions as an active companion for outdoors-oriented families who can meet the breed's substantial exercise requirements. While they maintain their hunting instincts, many American Foxhounds successfully transition to life as family pets, provided they receive adequate physical and mental stimulation. These dogs excel as jogging or cycling companions, capable of maintaining pace over long distances. Their pack-oriented nature makes them ideal for families with multiple dogs, and they often serve as peacekeepers in multi-dog households. Some American Foxhounds participate in dog sports such as tracking, where their scenting ability provides a natural advantage, or in activities like canicross that capitalize on their endurance.

The preservation of the American Foxhound's traditional function remains important to breed enthusiasts who recognize that working ability defines breed type as much as physical appearance. Hunt clubs across the country maintain working packs that preserve not just the breed's hunting ability but also the traditions and knowledge associated with pack management and hound breeding. These organizations serve as genetic repositories, maintaining bloodlines selected for working ability rather than show appearance. Educational programs introduce new generations to the art and science of hound work, ensuring that knowledge accumulated over centuries continues to be passed forward. Even as society changes, the American Foxhound's function as a living connection to America's sporting heritage provides cultural value beyond its practical applications, representing a piece of American history that continues to evolve while maintaining its essential character.

The American Foxhound's behavior reflects centuries of selection for specific working traits combined with the gentle temperament necessary for pack living. These hounds display a unique combination of independence and sociability, capable of making decisions while hunting yet remaining cooperative pack members. Their behavior is strongly influenced by their pack-hunting heritage, making them naturally inclined toward cooperation with other dogs while maintaining enough independence to work out scent puzzles on their own. This dual nature can sometimes puzzle owners expecting either complete independence or total obedience, as American Foxhounds operate somewhere between these extremes, showing affection and loyalty while retaining the self-directed thinking necessary for their traditional work.

Socially, American Foxhounds are typically gentle and good-natured, displaying the easy-going temperament necessary for dogs that traditionally lived in large packs. They generally show little aggression toward other dogs, having been selected for generations to work cooperatively rather than competitively. With humans, they tend to be friendly but not overly demonstrative, offering steady companionship rather than constant demands for attention. Their greeting behavior is usually enthusiastic but controlled, lacking the jumping and excessive excitement shown by some breeds. Strangers are typically met with mild interest rather than suspicion, though American Foxhounds may bay to announce visitors. This balanced temperament makes them poor guard dogs but excellent family companions for those who appreciate their somewhat reserved affection.

The breed's distinctive vocalizations represent one of their most characteristic behaviors. American Foxhounds possess a range of voices from deep, resonant bays to higher-pitched cries, each conveying different information during the hunt. In domestic settings, this vocal nature can manifest as baying at interesting scents, announcing visitors, or simply expressing excitement. Some individuals are more vocal than others, with certain bloodlines known for being particularly "mouthy." This baying is not aggressive barking but rather a melodious sound that carries for considerable distances. Understanding and managing this vocal behavior requires recognizing it as an inherent breed trait rather than a behavior problem, though training can help establish appropriate times and places for vocalization.

The hunting instinct profoundly influences American Foxhound behavior, even in dogs that have never hunted. The sight or scent of potential prey can trigger intense focus and determination, with the dog becoming seemingly deaf to commands when on a hot trail. This behavior, termed "selective deafness" by frustrated owners, actually represents the deep concentration bred into these hounds for centuries. When not actively trailing, American Foxhounds may spend considerable time investigating scents, following invisible trails around the yard or on walks. This scent-driven behavior means they require secure fencing and leash control, as even well-trained individuals may be unable to resist following an interesting trail.

American Foxhounds display interesting pack dynamics when living with other dogs, often establishing harmonious hierarchies with minimal conflict. They tend to be followers rather than leaders in mixed-breed groups, though they may assume leadership roles when hunting or trailing. Play behavior between American Foxhounds often mimics hunting behaviors, with chase games and vocal play being common. They typically show patience with puppies and smaller dogs, though their size and enthusiasm can overwhelm toy breeds. Single American Foxhounds may show signs of loneliness, becoming more destructive or vocal when left alone, as their pack heritage makes them most comfortable with company, whether human or canine.

Training behaviors in American Foxhounds require understanding of their independent nature and motivation patterns. Unlike breeds developed for obedience, American Foxhounds were selected to make independent decisions while hunting, leading to what some interpret as stubbornness but is actually selective compliance. They respond best to positive reinforcement methods that make training feel like cooperation rather than compulsion. Food motivation varies among individuals, with some being highly food-driven while others show more interest in praise or play rewards. Consistency and patience are essential, as American Foxhounds may take longer to comply with commands they see as pointless, though they readily learn behaviors that make sense to them. Their intelligence manifests more in problem-solving and trail work than in rapid obedience responses, requiring trainers to adjust expectations and methods accordingly.

The American Foxhound's integration into family life requires understanding and accommodation of their unique needs and characteristics. While bred for pack hunting rather than companionship, these gentle hounds can make wonderful family members when their exercise and social requirements are met. Their easy-going nature and tolerance make them particularly suitable for active families who enjoy outdoor activities. However, their high energy levels and need for substantial daily exercise mean they are not suitable for sedentary households or those seeking a calm, low-maintenance pet. Families considering an American Foxhound must be prepared to provide several hours of activity daily, whether through running, hiking, or other vigorous exercise.

With children, American Foxhounds typically display remarkable patience and gentleness, making them excellent companions for youngsters who understand how to interact appropriately with dogs. Their size and energy level make them better suited to families with older children who can participate in exercising and training the dog. American Foxhounds rarely show aggression toward children, though their enthusiasm and size can inadvertently knock over small children during play. They often form strong bonds with children who participate in their care, becoming protective in a gentle, non-aggressive way. The breed's pack mentality means they usually accept children as pack members requiring protection and companionship rather than viewing them as subordinates to be dominated.

The American Foxhound's relationship with adult family members tends to be affectionate but independent, offering companionship without being clingy or demanding. They typically distribute their attention among family members rather than bonding exclusively with one person, though they may show preferences based on who provides exercise or training. Their independent nature means they don't require constant interaction, contentedly occupying themselves when family members are busy, provided they've received adequate exercise. However, they do expect to be included in family activities and may become destructive or vocal if isolated from the family unit. Evening hours often find American Foxhounds seeking quiet companionship, lying near family members without demanding active attention.

Multi-pet households suit American Foxhounds well, as their pack heritage makes them comfortable with canine companionship. They typically integrate well into existing dog families, showing deference to established pack members while forming friendly relationships. Their gentle nature extends to most other dogs, though intact males may show some same-sex competition. With cats and small pets, careful introduction and management are essential, as the breed's hunting instincts can be triggered by small, fast-moving animals. Many American Foxhounds successfully live with cats when raised together from puppyhood, though they may never be entirely trustworthy with pet rabbits, guinea pigs, or other small animals that resemble natural prey. The key to successful multi-pet households is early socialization and clear boundaries.

Daily family routines with an American Foxhound must accommodate their substantial exercise needs, which can become a positive force in promoting family fitness and outdoor activities. Morning routines often begin early, as American Foxhounds are naturally early risers eager to start the day's activities. Without adequate morning exercise, they may be restless and potentially destructive during the day. Families often find that involving the American Foxhound in children's outdoor play provides exercise for both dog and children, though supervised to ensure play remains appropriate. Evening family time might include training sessions that provide mental stimulation, or calm companionship as the family relaxes. The breed's routine-oriented nature means they quickly learn and anticipate family schedules, often reminding members of regular activities like walks or feeding times.

The American Foxhound's impact on family dynamics can be significant, often encouraging more outdoor activities and regular exercise routines that benefit all family members. Their exercise needs may initially seem burdensome but often lead families to discover hiking trails, parks, and outdoor activities they might not have otherwise explored. The breed's gentle nature and size make them poor candidates for protection work, which families seeking a guard dog should consider. Their vocal nature may create challenges in close neighborhoods, requiring families to manage and train appropriate quiet times. However, families who embrace the breed's needs often find that American Foxhounds bring a special quality to family life—a connection to American heritage, an encouragement toward healthy outdoor activities, and a gentle, steady companionship that enriches daily life without overwhelming it. Success with an American Foxhound in the family setting requires commitment to meeting their needs while appreciating their independent yet affectionate nature.

The American Foxhound is generally considered one of the healthiest dog breeds, benefiting from centuries of selection for functional soundness rather than aesthetic extremes. Their development as working dogs required robust health and structural soundness, resulting in a breed with relatively few genetic health problems. The breed's moderate size, balanced proportions, and lack of exaggerated features contribute to their overall good health and longevity. Most American Foxhounds live 11 to 13 years, with many remaining active well into their senior years. However, like all breeds, they are susceptible to certain health conditions that potential owners should monitor. The breed's relatively small population and careful breeding for working ability have helped maintain genetic diversity and health.

Thrombocytopathy, or platelet disorder, represents one of the few genetic conditions known to affect American Foxhounds with any frequency. This inherited blood disorder affects the platelets' ability to function properly in blood clotting. Affected dogs may show excessive bleeding from minor injuries, nosebleeds, or bleeding gums. While the condition can be managed with proper veterinary care and precautions during surgery or injury, affected dogs should not be bred. Genetic testing is available to identify carriers and affected dogs, allowing breeders to make informed decisions. Most American Foxhounds with mild forms of the condition can live normal lives with appropriate management, though owners should inform veterinarians of the condition before any surgical procedures.

Hip dysplasia occurs in American Foxhounds, though less frequently than in many large breeds. The condition involves malformation of the hip joint that can lead to arthritis and mobility problems. The breed's athletic build and moderate size help reduce the incidence, but breeding stock should still be evaluated through hip radiographs. Environmental factors such as rapid growth, excessive exercise during puppyhood, and obesity can exacerbate genetic predisposition. Maintaining appropriate body weight and providing controlled exercise during growth helps minimize risk. Affected dogs may show lameness, difficulty rising, or reluctance to exercise, though many mild cases can be managed through weight control, appropriate exercise, and anti-inflammatory medications when necessary.

Ear infections can be problematic in American Foxhounds due to their long, pendulous ears that can trap moisture and debris. The warm, moist environment created by hanging ears provides ideal conditions for bacterial and yeast growth. Regular ear cleaning and inspection help prevent infections, particularly important for dogs that hunt in wet conditions or swim frequently. Signs of ear problems include head shaking, scratching at ears, odor, or discharge. Chronic ear infections can lead to permanent damage if left untreated. Some lines appear more prone to ear problems than others, suggesting a genetic component to susceptibility. Prevention through regular maintenance is far preferable to treating established infections.

Obesity represents a significant health risk for American Foxhounds, particularly those kept as pets rather than working dogs. The breed's hearty appetite, developed to fuel long hunts, can lead to overeating when combined with insufficient exercise. Excess weight stresses joints, potentially leading to arthritis and other orthopedic problems. Overweight American Foxhounds are also at increased risk for diabetes, heart disease, and heat stroke. The breed's deep chest makes them susceptible to bloat (gastric dilatation-volvulus), a life-threatening condition where the stomach fills with gas and potentially rotates. Risk factors include eating large meals, exercising immediately after eating, and eating too quickly. Preventive measures include feeding multiple small meals, avoiding exercise near meal times, and potentially using elevated feeders or slow-feeding bowls.

If you're looking to adopt an American Foxhound, consider contacting these breed-specific rescue organizations:

"Don't Shop... Please Adopt" - There are many wonderful American Foxhounds waiting for their forever homes.