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Health Issues
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Insulinoma
Issue Description
When a dog has insulinoma, a tumor is present in the pancreas. This health condition causes insulin production to increase, which can cause hypoglycemia in dogs. Although insulinoma can affect breeds of all ages, older dogs are most likely to be diagnosed. Insulinoma is a disease of middle-aged to older dogs, with the mean age of affected dogs being 8.9 years (range: 3 to 15 years).
When a dog has insulinoma, a tumor is present in the pancreas. This health condition causes insulin production to increase, which can cause hypoglycemia in dogs. Although insulinoma can affect breeds of all ages, older dogs are most likely to be diagnosed. Insulinoma is a disease of middle-aged to older dogs, with the mean age of affected dogs being 8.9 years (range: 3 to 15 years).
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Causes
Insulinomas most commonly affect middle-aged to older dogs with no sex predilection. Unlike in humans, the majority of insulinomas in dogs are malignant, with up to 50% or more of affected dogs having metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Metastasis to the regional lymph nodes, liver, and mesentery is most common
Symptoms
Hunger, behavior changes, muscle fasciculations, weakness, ataxia, or seizures can be seen and are often exacerbated by exercise and/or fasting. Eating can also result in clinical signs because of excessive insulin release
Diagnosis
The typical presentation for a dog with insulinoma is a large-breed dog with a history of weakness, ataxia, or seizures, signs that may be exacerbated
with exercise or fasting.
Physical examination findings are often within normal limits.
The most consistent laboratory abnormality is a fasting hypoglycemia.
Presumptive diagnosis is made with an abnormal insulin-glucose pair, with normal to elevated insulin levels in the face of low glucose levels.
Abdominal ultrasonography may be useful to detect nodules in the pancreas as well as metastatic disease in the abdomen. Intraoperative ultrasonography may
be useful if nodules cannot be detected by visual inspection.
Insulinomas most commonly affect middle-aged to older dogs with no sex predilection. Unlike in humans, the majority of insulinomas in dogs are malignant, with up to 50% or more of affected dogs having metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Metastasis to the regional lymph nodes, liver, and mesentery is most common
Symptoms
Hunger, behavior changes, muscle fasciculations, weakness, ataxia, or seizures can be seen and are often exacerbated by exercise and/or fasting. Eating can also result in clinical signs because of excessive insulin release
Diagnosis
Additional diagnostic tests may help support the diagnosis of insulinoma but typically are not as
sensitive as the insulin-glucose pair and abdominal ultrasonography
Clinical Staging System
Stage I: Insulinoma confined to the pancreas
Stage II: Insulinoma in the pancreas and regional lymph nodes
Stage III: Insulinoma with distant metastase
Treatment
Surgery is the initial treatment of choice for insulinoma. Blood glucose must be normalized before, during, and after surgery. This is important because palpation of the nodules during surgery can result in insulin release. Palpation allows localization of the nodules in the majority of cases. Insulinomas tend to occur in the right and left lobes of the pancreas with equal frequency. Nondiscriminatory removal of pancreatic tissue is not recommended. Removal of the nodules can be performed by nodulectomy or partial or total pancreatectomy. Exploration with biopsy of suspicious areas in the abdomen should be performed. Metastasis has been reported in 36% to 51% of dogs at the time of initial surgery. Metastasis is most common to the liver and lymph nodes but has also been reported in the intestines, mesentery, spleen, and kidneys. Metastatic disease should be debulked as much as possible, as this may provide significant improvement in clinical signs.
Dogs with tumors confined to the pancreas(stage I) or to the pancreas and regional nodes (stage II) have a median survival of approximately 1.5 years, while dogs that have metastasis beyond the nodes(stage III) have a median survival of less than 6 months
Pronosis
Remission and survival in dogs with insulinoma following surgery depend on the clinical stage at the time of diagnosis. The median survival time of all affected dogs is approximately 12 months.
Favorable Criteria
Dogs with tumors confined to the pancreas (stage I) have a longer remission time (defined as the period of euglycemia) than dogs whose tumors have
metastasized. Dogs with stage I disease have a median remission time of approximately 14 months versus approximately 1 month for stage II or III dogs.
Dogs with tumors confined to the pancreas (stage I) or to the pancreas and regional nodes (stage II) have a longer survival time than dogs with tumors
that are metastatic beyond the nodes (stage III). Dogs with stage I or II disease have a median survival of approximately 1.5 years, while dogs with
stage III disease have a median survival of 6 months or less.
Partial pancreatectomy yields longer survival times than nodulectomy.
Unfavorable Criteria
Total pancreatectomy is associated with high morbidity and mortality.
Tumors in the body of the pancreas are more difficult to remove than tumors in the limbs of the pancreas.
Persistent postoperative hypoglycemia indicates that a residual tumor (either primary or metastatic) exists.
Clinical Staging System
Treatment
Surgery is the initial treatment of choice for insulinoma. Blood glucose must be normalized before, during, and after surgery. This is important because palpation of the nodules during surgery can result in insulin release. Palpation allows localization of the nodules in the majority of cases. Insulinomas tend to occur in the right and left lobes of the pancreas with equal frequency. Nondiscriminatory removal of pancreatic tissue is not recommended. Removal of the nodules can be performed by nodulectomy or partial or total pancreatectomy. Exploration with biopsy of suspicious areas in the abdomen should be performed. Metastasis has been reported in 36% to 51% of dogs at the time of initial surgery. Metastasis is most common to the liver and lymph nodes but has also been reported in the intestines, mesentery, spleen, and kidneys. Metastatic disease should be debulked as much as possible, as this may provide significant improvement in clinical signs.
Dogs with tumors confined to the pancreas(stage I) or to the pancreas and regional nodes (stage II) have a median survival of approximately 1.5 years, while dogs that have metastasis beyond the nodes(stage III) have a median survival of less than 6 months
Pronosis
Remission and survival in dogs with insulinoma following surgery depend on the clinical stage at the time of diagnosis. The median survival time of all affected dogs is approximately 12 months.
Favorable Criteria
Unfavorable Criteria
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